_India._--The freshwater deposits of the Sub-Himalayan or Sewalik Hills, described by Dr. Falconer and Captain Cautley, may perhaps be regarded as Miocene. Like the faluns of Touraine, they contain the Deinotherium and Mastodon. Whether any of the associated freshwater and land shells are of recent species is not yet determined. The occurrence in them of a fossil giraffe and hippopotamus, genera now only living in Africa, as well as of a camel, implies a geographical state of things very different from that now established in the same parts of India. The huge Sivatherium of the same era appears to have been a ruminating quadruped bigger than the rhinoceros, and provided with a large upper lip, or probably a short proboscis, and having two pair of horns, resembling those of antelopes. Several species of monkey belonged to the same fauna; and among the reptiles, several crocodiles, larger than any now living, and an enormous tortoise, _Testudo Atlas_, the curved shell of which measured 20 feet across. FOOTNOTES: [162-A] See paper by E. Charlesworth, Esq.; London and Ed. Phil. Mag. No. xxxviii. p. 81., Aug. 1835. [162-B] See Monograph on the Crag Mollusca. Searles Wood, Paleont. Soc. 1848. [163-A] In regarding the Suffolk crag, both red and coralline, as older Pliocene instead of Miocene, I am only returning to the classification adopted by me in the Principles and Elements of Geology up to the year 1838. [166-A] E. Forbes, Mem. Geol. Survey, Gt. Brit., vol. i. 386. [172-A] Proceedings of the Geol. Soc. vol. iv. part 3. 1845, p. 547. CHAPTER XV. UPPER EOCENE FORMATIONS. Eocene areas in England and France--Tabular view of French Eocene strata--Upper Eocene group of the Paris basin--Same beds in Belgium and at Berlin--Mayence tertiary strata--Freshwater upper Eocene of Central France--Series of geographical changes since the land emerged in Auvergne--Mineral character an uncertain test of age--Marls containing Cypris--Oolite of Eocene period--Indusial limestone and its origin--Fossil mammalia of the upper Eocene strata in Auvergne--Freshwater strata of the Cantal, calcareous and siliceous--Its resemblance to chalk--Proofs of gradual deposition of strata. [Illustration: Fig. 153. Map of the principal tertiary basins of the Eocene period. N. B. The space left blank is occupied by secondary formations from the Devonian or old red sandstone to the chalk inclusive.]