Why the position of marine strata, above the level of the sea, should be referred to the rising up of the land, not to the going down of the sea--Upheaval of extensive masses of horizontal strata--Inclined and vertical stratification--Anticlinal and synclinal lines--Bent strata in east of Scotland--Theory of folding by lateral movement--Creeps--Dip and strike--Structure of the Jura--Various forms of outcrop--Rocks broken by flexure--Inverted position of disturbed strata--Unconformable stratification--Hutton and Playfair on the same--Fractures of strata--Polished surfaces--Faults--Appearance of repeated alternations produced by them--Origin of great faults. _Land has been raised, not the sea lowered._--It has been already stated that the aqueous rocks containing marine fossils extend over wide continental tracts, and are seen in mountain chains rising to great heights above the level of the sea. Hence it follows, that what is now dry land was once under water. But if we admit this conclusion, we must imagine, either that there has been a general lowering of the waters of the ocean, or that the solid rocks, once covered by water, have been raised up bodily out of the sea, and have thus become dry land. The earlier geologists, finding themselves reduced to this alternative, embraced the former opinion, assuming that the ocean was originally universal, and had gradually sunk down to its actual level, so that the present islands and continents were left dry. It seemed to them far easier to conceive that the water had gone down, than that solid land had risen upwards into its present position. It was, however, impossible to invent any satisfactory hypothesis to explain the disappearance of so enormous a body of water throughout the globe, it being necessary to infer that the ocean had once stood at whatever height marine shells might be detected. It moreover appeared clear, as the science of Geology advanced, that certain spaces on the globe had been alternately sea, then land, then estuary, then sea again, and, lastly, once more habitable land, having remained in each of these states for considerable periods. In order to account for such phenomena, without admitting any movement of the land itself, we are required to imagine several retreats and returns of the ocean; and even then our theory applies merely to cases where the marine strata composing the dry land are horizontal, leaving unexplained those more common instances where strata are inclined, curved, or placed on their edges, and evidently not in the position in which they were first deposited.