[53] For a very large amount of most interesting and valuable information on the whole subject of excisions of joints, I would refer to Dr. Hodge's most excellent work on this subject--_On Excisions of Joints_. By Richard M. Hodge, M.D., Boston, Massachusetts. [54] See Syme's _Observations on Clinical Surgery_, pp. 55, 57; Hodge _on Excision of Joints_, p. 63. [55] Maunder's _Operative Surgery_, 2d ed. p. 123. [56] _Edin. Med. Journal_, May 1873. [57] Quoted by Mr. Porter. _Dublin Quarterly Journal_ for May 1867, p. 264. [58] A-A. Deep palmar arch; B. Trapezium; C. Articular surface of ulna; Dotted lines include the amount removed in Lister's earlier operations; Unshaded portions are those removed by Lister in cases where the disease is limited to the carpus. (Reduced from Lister's diagram in _Lancet_, 1865.) [59] Skey, _Op. Surg._, 2d ed. p. 438. [60] Abridged from Butcher, _Op. and Con. Surgery_, p. 208. [61] _Science and Art of Surgery_, 3d ed. p. 745. [62] _On the Surgical Treatment of Children's Diseases_, pp. 454-6. [63] _Clinical Society's Transactions_, vol. xiii. p. 71. [64] Billroth of Vienna and Pelikan of St. Petersburg, quoted from Heyfelder by Hodge _on Excision of Joints_, p. 161. [65] _Operative and Conservative Surgery_, pp. 28, 138. [66] _On Excision of Knee-Joint_, pp. 18, 20. [67] _Operative and Conservative Surgery_, p. 169. [68] Mr. Jones of Jersey, _Med. Chir. Trans._, vol. xxxvii. p. 68. [69] _Lancet_, Oct. 1, 1859. [70] Barwell _On Diseased Joints_, p. 464. [71] Syme _On Excision of the Scapula_, pp. 13-26, 1864. [72] Butcher's _Operative and Conservative Surgery_, p. 225. [73] For an excellent case, see Annandale on _Diseases of the Finger and Toes_, p. 261. [74] Holmes's _Surgery_, 3d edition, vol. iii. p. 771. [75] _Brit. and Foreign Med. Chir. Review_ for July 1853. [76] Mr. Holmes in _Lancet_ for February 18, 1856. [77] _Ibid._ for May 1865. [78] Butcher, _Operative and Conservative Surgery_, p. 354. [79] See Butcher, _Operative and Conservative Surgery_, p. 356. CHAPTER IV. OPERATIONS ON CRANIUM AND SCALP. TREPHINING AND TREPANNING are the names given to operations for the removal of portions of the cranium by circular saws which play on a centre pivot. When the motion is given to the saw simply by rotation of the hand of the operator, as is common in this country, it is called _trephining_; when (as used to be the case in this country, and still is on the Continent) the motion is given by an instrument like a carpenter's brace, the operation is called _trepanning_.