P. CODEX GUELPHERBYTANUS A, and Q. CODEX GUELPHERBYTANUS B. These are two palimpsests discovered by F. A. Knittel, Archdeacon of Wolfenbüttel, in the Ducal Library of that city, which (together with some fragments of Ulphilas’ Gothic version) lie under the more modern writings of Isidore of Seville. He published the whole in 1762(181), so far at least as he could read them, though Tregelles believed more might be deciphered, and Tischendorf, with his unconquerable energy, collating them both in 1854, was able to re-edit them more accurately, Cod. Q in the third volume (1860) and Cod. P in the sixth (1869) of his Monumenta sacra inedita. The volume (called the Codex Carolinus) seems to have been once at Bobbio, and has been traced from Weissenburg to Mayence and Prague, till it was bought by a Duke of Brunswick in 1689. Codex P contains, on forty-three or forty-four leaves, thirty-one fragments of 518 verses, taken from all the four Evangelists(182); Codex Q, on thirteen leaves, twelve fragments of 247 verses from SS. Luke and John(183); but all can be traced only with great difficulty. A few portions, once written in vermilion, have quite departed, but Tischendorf has made material additions to Knittel’s labours, both in extent and accuracy. He assigns P to the sixth, Q to the fifth century. Both are written in two columns, the uncials being bold, round or square, those of Q not a little the smaller. The letters in P, however, are sometimes compressed at the end of a line. The capitals in P are large and frequent, and both have the sections without the canons of Eusebius (_see_ p. 59). The table of τίτλοι found in the volume is written in oblong uncials of a lower date, as Knittel thought, possibly without good reason. Itacisms, what are termed Alexandrian forms, and the usual contractions (_ΙΣ_, _ΞΣ_, _ΚΣ_, _ΘΣ_, _ΥΣ_, _ΠΗΡ_, _ΠΝΑ_, _ΙΛΗΜ_, _ΑΝΟΣ_, _ΔΑΔ_, Μ [with symbol above it]) occur in both copies. Breathings also are seen here and there in Q. From Tischendorf’s beautiful facsimiles of Codd. PQ we observe that while _delta_ is far more elaborate in P than in Q, the precise contrary is the case with _pi_. _Epsilon_ and _sigma_ in P have strong points at all the extremities; _nu_ in each is of the ancient form exhibited in Codd. אNR (_see_ p. 37); while in P _alpha_ resembles in shape that of our alphabet in Plate ii. No. 5, _eta_ that in Plate iii. No. 7. As regards their text we observe that in the first hundred verses of St. Luke which are contained in both copies, wherein P is cited for various readings 216 times, and Q 182 times, P stands alone fourteen times, Q not once. P agrees with other manuscripts against AB twenty-one times, Q nineteen: P agrees with AB united fifty times, Q also fifty: P sides with B against A twenty-nine times, Q thirty-eight: but P accords with A against B in 102 places, Q in seventy-five.