Willing disciples of George Fox, as the people of North Carolina proved themselves to be, were sure to protest against and oppose a constitution like that of Shaftesbury and Locke. The introduction of it was not only difficult, but was soon rendered impossible, by the accession of dissenters from England, and so-called “runaways, rogues, and rebels” from Virginia, who, on the suppression of an insurrection there, of which we shall speak anon, fled daily to Carolina as their common place of refuge. Another cause of dissatisfaction with the English government, and of constant irritation, was the enforcement of the Navigation Laws. The population of the whole state as yet, in 1677, amounted to little more than 4,000; “a few fat cattle, a little maize, and 800 hogsheads of tobacco, formed all their exports,” and the few foreign articles which they required were brought to them by the traders of Boston. Yet, small as this traffic was, it was envied by the English merchants; the Navigation Law was ordered to be strictly enforced, the New England trader was driven from their harbour by unreasonable duties, and the Carolinians themselves had no other free market for their few exports than England. Miller, a man who had already become extremely unpopular, returned from England to Carolina, as chief magistrate and collector of the royal customs, empowered to levy one penny on every pound weight of tobacco exported to New England. But spite of this, and spite of attempts to excite ill-feeling between the two colonies, Carolina continued to trade with Boston, and the traffic grew in defiance of imposts, which only served to render both colonies more determined and more averse to the parent state. The attempts at enforcing the Navigation Laws hastened an insurrection, which was fostered by the refugees from Virginia and the men of New England, and which justified itself by the publication of the first American manifesto. The threefold grievances of the colony were stated herein to be—excessive taxation; the abridgment of political liberty by the altered form of government, with the denial of a free election of an assembly; and the unwise interruption of the natural channels of commerce. The head of this insurrection was John Culpepper, a man stigmatised by the English party as one “who deserved hanging, for endeavouring to set the poor to plunder the rich.” The whole body of the settlers was insurgent; Miller, the chief object of their hatred, and seven proprietary deputies, were arrested and imprisoned, courts of justice established and a parliament called. With a popular government, anarchy was at an end; though, when the new governor Eastchurch arrived, none would acknowledge his authority. The following year, Culpepper and another were sent to England, to negotiate a compromise with the proprietaries and to obtain the recal of Miller.