The principles of Bacon indeed were, under the severity of the present rule, becoming the principles of the whole of Virginia, as the noblest essences are only brought out by extreme pressure. The measures of the king for the erection of forts for the defence of the colony were very coolly received. The spirit of the colony was shown by the new assembly, which was now, in 1688, convened, and for the turbulent and unmanageable disposition of which, it was very soon dissolved by the council. Discussion, so long fettered, once more asserted its liberty; the scattered dwellers along the river banks passed from house to house the kindling cry of liberty. The whole colony was about to rise once more; and Effingham, alarmed at the position of affairs, hastened to England, followed by Philip Ludwell, as his accuser in the name of the people. During his absence, Nathaniel Bacon, the elder, president of the council, assumed the temporary administration. But before either the accused or the accuser reached the English shores, James had abdicated, and that Revolution had taken place, which for the moment cast the affairs of Virginia into the shade. CHAPTER XIX. MARYLAND UNDER CHARLES II. With the Restoration Maryland became once more a proprietary government. Philip Calvert assumed the administration as deputy of Lord Baltimore, and clemency drawing a veil over late offences, the colony enjoyed tranquillity. The spirit of Lord Baltimore was broad and tolerant; a large benevolence marks his legislation; and the persecuted and the outcast had ever a secure home in his province. “From France came Huguenots; from Germany, from Holland, from Sweden, from Finland, from Piedmont, came the children of misfortune, to seek protection under the tolerant sceptre of the Roman Catholic. Bohemia itself, the country of Jerome and Huss, sent forth its sons, who at once were made citizens of Maryland with equal franchises.”[7] Though Maryland in many respects resembled Virginia, yet in others she was strikingly different. The spirit of her people was more active and enterprising, and hence, availing herself of her sea-coast, her traffic at this time was not inconsiderable. In 1662, Charles, the eldest son of Lord Baltimore, took up his residence in the colony as governor. Misunderstandings with the Indians were adjusted, and the colony gradually extended. The Navigation Act, however, pressed heavily upon its commerce; Dutch vessels could no longer export its tobacco to Europe; and following the example of Virginia, a tax of 2_s._ per hogshead was laid on all exported tobacco, one-half to serve as a colonial revenue for governmental purposes, and the other as a revenue for the proprietary—an arrangement which is said to have been advantageous to the colony, while it was equally so to Lord Baltimore.