=Inflammation= of the urethra, of the catarrhal kind, the so-called gonorrhœa, commencing at the anterior extremity, may, in severe cases, extend backwards, even into the bladder. The lining membrane becomes swollen, injected, and covered with mucus or muco-purulent secretion, at first thin, then thicker, and then, as the inflammation subsides, thin and pale again. When a chancre coexists with gonorrhœa, “the discharge has usually a grayish or reddish tint, or sanious aspect.” From an extension of the inflammation deeper into the fibrous structure of the corpus spungiosum, results, sometimes, an exudation of fibrin in the venous cells, suppuration and abscess. Cowper’s gland, the prostate, the vesiculæ seminales, and the testicles, may also be affected by an extension of the inflammation along the continuous mucous lining. The contact of unhealthy vaginal secretions, whether specific or not, is the most frequent cause of urethritis. =Dilatation and Contraction.= _Dilatation_ is most frequently the consequence of obstruction to the flow of urine. It occurs generally in the membranous portion, which is expanded into a pouch, occasionally as large as a small orange. The mucous lining of these pouches appears “injected and thickened, presenting fungous vegetations, and occasionally coated with lymph.” _Contraction_ may result from inflammation of the mucous membrane, and finally end in stricture. =Stricture= is a very frequent result of inflammation of the urethra. It usually is found in the anterior part of the membranous portion. Contusions and wounds also, often produce stricture. The simplest form of stricture is, where the canal is partially closed by a fold of membrane passing across it, leaving either a crescentric, or annular opening. In the most common kind of stricture the urethra is narrowed in a much greater extent of its course, sometimes for an inch, or more. When the obstruction occasioned by a stricture is very great, the urethra behind is dilated, often inflamed and sometimes ulcerated, so as to give rise to urinary fistula or effusion of urine. =Rupture= of the urethra may result from severe contusions, or fracture of the bones of the pelvis, and being followed by extravasation of blood and urine, inflammation, suppuration or gangrene may supervene, or fistulous openings may be thus established. Morbid Growths. _Warty growths_ sometimes appear within the urethra near the meatus. They are generally quite vascular, and may cause considerable obstruction. _Tubercles_ are of rare occurrence in the urethra. _Cancer_ occurs only as an extension of the disease from the penis, prostate gland or bladder. =Urinary Calculi.= Calculi of different size, form, and chemical composition, may be found in the urinary bladder, ureters, or sinus of the kidneys.