We may also find _fibroid growths_, _carcinoma_ and _tubercle_; the two latter commonly, although not invariably, secondary to similar diseases of the uterus. Section III. OF THE MAMMÆ. =[Notice=: 1. _External Characters_—abnormalities; silvery lines on integument, indicating previous enlargement; sinuses; firm, or soft and flabby. _Nipple_—its size, color, retracted, ulcers; excoriations, etc. _Areola_—size and color. 2. _Appearance on section_—color of substance; consistence of gland and fluids exuding; abscesses; tumors; cysts; cancer, etc.] =Anomalies.= Supernumerary mammæ, with the power of secreting milk during lactation, have been observed in a number of instances. The cases of absence of one or both mammæ are rather to be classed as the result of arrest of development or atrophy. A too early development of the glands in young children is occasionally met with, where there is a precocious development of the organs of generation. While the mammary glands in the male usually remain in a rudimentary state during life, cases have occurred where they have acquired an increased size, and have been stimulated to such a functional activity as to permit of the suckling of an infant. =Hypertrophy and Atrophy.= When puberty occurs, the breasts naturally enlarge and often become tender; and such a temporary enlargement very commonly accompanies menstruation. An increase of size, such as normally takes place during pregnancy, between the fourth and ninth months, will occasionally commence at puberty, and go on until the organ attains an enormous size. In some cases the breast has been found, after death, to weigh as much as twenty pounds, the tissue being perfectly normal. Both breasts are usually affected, although one is commonly more so than the other. After the cessation of the menses, the breasts normally begin to atrophy. We may also have an atrophy of the breast following upon lobular hypertrophy, as described by Sir A. Cooper. =Inflammation and Abscess.= _Inflammation of the Nipple and Areola_, preceding or following a fissured state of the nipple, usually occurs at an early period of lactation, and especially with the first child. Abscess of the areola is often a consequence. _Inflammation of the Breast_, generally terminating in suppuration, may occur in three positions: either in the subcutaneous areolar tissue, _supramammary abscess_; or in the areolar tissue, in which the gland is imbedded, _submammary abscess_; or in the gland itself, _mammary abscess_. _Chronic Abscess of the Breast_ may be of two kinds: the diffused and the circumscribed or encysted. The former may occur at all ages, and in the single as well as in the married. It usually appears in the submammary areolar tissue, and may acquire a very large size; and by pushing the mammary gland before it, gives the breast a pointed, conical shape.