144. The Coats of the Small Intestine. Like the stomach, the small intestine has four coats, the serous, muscular, sub-mucous, and mucous. The serous is the peritoneum.[22] The muscular consists of an outer layer of longitudinal, and an inner layer of circular fibers, by contraction of which the food is forced along the bowel. The sub-mucous coat is made up of a loose layer of tissue in which the blood-vessels and nerves are distributed. The inner, or mucous, surface has a fine, velvety feeling, due to a countless number of tiny, thread-like projections, called villi. They stand up somewhat like the “pile” of velvet. It is through these villi that the digested food passes into the blood. Illustration: Fig. 56.—Sectional View of Intestinal Villi. (Black dots represent the glandular openings.) The inner coat of a large part of the small intestine is thrown into numerous transverse folds called _valvulæ conniventes_. These seem to serve two purposes, to increase the extent of the surface of the bowels and to delay mechanically the progress of the intestinal contents. Buried in the mucous layer throughout the length, both of the small and large intestines, are other glands which secrete intestinal fluids. Thus, in the lower part of the ileum there are numerous glands in oval patches known as _Peyer’s patches_. These are very prone to become inflamed and to ulcerate during the course of typhoid fever. 145. The Large Intestine. The large intestine begins in the right iliac region and is about five or six feet long. It is much larger than the small intestine, joining it obliquely at short distance from its end. A blind pouch, or dilated pocket is thus formed at the place of junction, called the cæcum. A valvular arrangement called the ileo-cæcal valve, which is provided with a button-hole slit, forms a kind of movable partition between this part of the large intestine and the small intestine. Illustration: Fig. 57.—Tubular Glands of the Small Intestines. A, B, tubular glands seen in vertical section with their orifices at C, opening upon the membrane between the villi, D, villus (Magnified 40 diameters) Attached to the cæcum is a worm-shaped tube, about the size of a lead pencil, and from three to four inches long, called the _vermiform appendix_. Its use is unknown. This tube is of great surgical importance, from the fact that it is subject to severe inflammation, often resulting in an internal abscess, which is always dangerous and may prove fatal. Inflammation of the appendix is known as _appendicitis_,—a name quite familiar on account of the many surgical operations performed of late years for its relief.