“There are two systems of painting; one in chiaro-oscuro and the other in flat tints. The first consists in representing as accurately as possible upon the flat surface of canvas, wood, stone, metal, &c., an object in relief in such manner that the image makes an impression on the eye of the spectator, similar to that produced by the object itself. Therefore every part of the image which receives in the model direct light, and which reflects it to the eye of a spectator viewing the object from the same point in which the painter himself viewed it, must be painted with white and bright colours; while the other parts of the image which do not reflect to the spectator as much light as the first must appear in colours more or less dimmed with black, or what is the same thing, by shade. “Painting in flat tints is a method of imitating coloured objects, much simpler by its simplicity of execution than the preceding, which consists in tracing the outline of the different parts of the model, and in colouring them uniformly with their peculiar colours.” _Paint Shop._ The paint shop should be a roomy apartment, well lighted and ventilated. If possible, bodies and carriage parts should have separate shops to be painted in; the rough work on bodies, too, ought to have a separate room for its execution. There should be a good assortment of brushes suitable for every variety of work, plenty of paint pots, at least two paint mills, marble slab for mixing colours on, and a stone to be used exclusively for making putty on; water buckets, sponges, chamois, palette knives, and putty knives. Light trestles set on casters for light bodies, and heavy trestles, with two wheels and a pole, for heavy bodies. Screens, covered with heavy paper or enamelled cloth, to protect varnished work from floating particles of dust, and also from the unsightly marks left by flies, will be found very useful. Also the necessary colours; white-lead, whiting, ground and lump pumice-stone, &c. The brushes used are of various sizes and have various names. The largest are used for covering large surfaces with paint. A smaller kind are called _tools_, or _sash tools_, the name _tool_ being applied more especially to the smaller varieties. Those brushes used for striping and ornamenting, being very small, are called _pencils_. All these are made round and oval, and filled with various kinds of bristles. There are also _flat_ bristle brushes of various sizes, which are useful for body painting. A small variety of these is also used for painting the carriage parts. For varnishing, the black sable and badger brushes (both flat) are handy, though in applying rubbing varnish, the hair of these is sometimes too soft to lay it on without its being thinned with turpentine. But they are capable of producing very finely finished work.