These irregularities will happen at times with the very best varnish and the most skilled workmanship, and surrounded with everything necessary to insure a perfect job. The only reason that can be assigned for it is atmospheric influence. These peculiarities have occupied a large portion of the time of the trade, and no other solution has been arrived at than the above. The defects of varnishes should be divided into two classes: those which take place while in the workshop and those which show themselves after the vehicle has left the hands of the maker. The defects which show themselves in the varnish room are those of “spotting,” “blooming,” “pin-holing,” “going off silky,” “going in dead.” Those which take place afterwards are “cracking,” “blooming,” “mud-spotting,” and loss of surface, sometimes amounting to its almost total destruction. The two classes should be considered separately; and assuming that the workmanship is of the best quality, the latter class of defects, with the exception of blooming, are in no way attributable to the varnish; and blooming is caused by the atmosphere being overcharged with moisture, as would be the case before a storm, and it is soon remedied. Cracking will arise from too great an exposure to the sun, just as any other material will be damaged by unfair treatment. Mud-spotting will arise from using the carriage in muddy or slushy roads before the varnish is properly dry. The loss of surface will depend largely on the coachman, who, from ignorance or negligence, may rub down the panels of a carriage until its glossy surface entirely disappears; and if the stable is contiguous to the coach-house this destruction will be assisted by the ammoniacal vapours arising from the manure, &c.