[16] Casper-Liman, _op. cit._, vol. i. pp. 174-181. [17] _Op. cit._, vol. i. pp. 164-166. [18] Having criticised Tardieu for his use of the phrase _pæderast_, Casper and Liman can find no better. [19] Westphal: Die Conträre Sexualempfindung. Archiv für Psychatrie, vol. ii. I. [20] The Standard of Sanity, Br. Med. Journal, Nov. 28, 1885. [21] See Tarnowsky about the opinion of the lower classes in St. Petersburg, _op. cit._, p. 99. "Ueberhaupt verhalten sich die gemeinen ungebildeten Leute, dem Ausspruch aller mir bekannten Päderasten gemäss, äusserat nachsichtig gegen unzüchtige Anträge--'herrschaft-liche Spielerei,' wie sie es nennen." This is true not only of Russia, but of countries where we should least expect to find the compliance in question. [22] P. 73. The italics are the translator's. The adjective _homosexual_, though ill-compounded of a Greek and a Latin word, is useful, and has been adopted by medical writers on this topic. _Unisexual_ would perhaps be better. [23] A note upon this subject has to be written; and it may be introduced here as well as elsewhere. Balzac, in _Une dernière incarnation de Vautrin_, describes the morals of the French _bagnes_. Dostoieffsky, in _Prison Life in Siberia_, touches on the same topic. See his portrait of Sirotkin, p. 52, _et seq._, p. 120 (edn. J. & R. Maxwell, London). We may compare Carlier, _op. cit._, pp. 300, 301, for an account of the violence of homosexual passions in French prisons. The initiated are familiar with the facts in English prisons. There is a military prison on the Lido at Venice, where incorrigible lovers of their own sex, amongst other culprits, are confined. A man here said: "All our loves in this place are breech-loaders." Bouchard, in his _Confessions_ (Paris, Liseux, 1881), describes the convict station at Marseilles in 1630. The men used to be allowed to bring women on board the galleys. At that epoch they "les besognoient avant tout le monde, les couchant sous le banc sur leur 'capot. Mais depuis quelques années en ca, le general a defendu entrée aux femmes. De sorte qu'il ne se pêche plus maintenant là-dedans qu'en sodomie, mollesse, irrumation, et autres pareilles tendresses" (p. 151). The same Frenchman, speaking of the Duc d'Orléans' pages at Paris, says that this was a "cour extrèmemen impie et débauchée, surtout pour les garçons, M. d'Orléans deffendoit à ses pages de se besogner ni branler la pique; leur donnant au reste congé de voir les femmes tant qu'ils voudroient, et quelquefois venant de nuict heurter à la porte de leur chambre, avec cinq ou six garses, qu'il enfermoit avec eux une heure à deux" (p. 88). This prince was of the same mind as Campanella, who, in the _Città del Sole_, laid it down that young men ought to be freely admitted to women, for the avoidance of sexual aberrations. Aretino and Berni enable us to comprehend the sexual immorality of males congregated together in the courts of Roman prelates.