Aërial Navigation: A Popular Treatise on the Growth of Air Craft and on Aëronautical MeteorologyZahm, Albert Francis
History
Aërial Navigation: A Popular Treatise on the Growth of Air Craft and on Aëronautical Meteorology
Zahm, Albert Francis
Aeronautics; Meteorology
High above the center of the cyclone, where perhaps the air is sucked
downward, clarified by compression, then whirled outward, the sky is
usually clear, or thinly fogged, while without this central patch are
heavy clouds. The obscure or clear central part is called the “eye[66]
of the storm.” Through this the cirrus clouds may sometimes be seen
high above, either stationary or radiating away, if the vortex extends
so high. Sailors on the deck of a vessel passing through a cyclone have
often noticed the eye of the storm overhead, perhaps ten or twelve
degrees in diameter, and with special clearness in the tropics. To the
white, feathery cirrus clouds, scurrying away radially from the top of
the vortex, they have given the name “plumes of the storm,” or “mares’
tails.” In sailing their vessel through the center of a cyclone, they
have observed the circulatory motion of the winds and clouds, and
frequently have found the deck covered or surrounded with cyclone
sweepings, such as land and water birds, insects, butterflies, etc.,
brought into the quiet core of the vortex from the incurving winds
beyond. Further details of the motion in a cyclone vortex are given as
follows by Ferrel, §178:
“In Fig. 49 is given a graphic representation of the resultant
motions and of the barometric pressures for both the surface
of the earth and for some level high up in the atmosphere and
above the neutral plane, where the motions in the vertical
circulation are outward from the center. The solid circles
represent isobars at the earth’s surface and the solid arrows
the directions, and in some measure, by their different
lengths, the relative velocities of the wind. The heavy circle
represents the circle of greatest barometric pressure at the
earth’s surface, say 765 mm., while the pressure of the outer
border is 760 mm., and the dividing line between the cyclone
and the anticyclonic gyrations. Within this limit the pressure
diminishes to the center, and the gyrations are cyclonic, and
the direction of the resultant of motion inclines in toward the
center, but beyond that limit the gyrations are anticyclonic,
and the direction of resultant motion inclines toward the outer
border of these gyrations. The heavy dotted circle represents
the circle of maximum pressure at some high level, and is much
nearer the center than that at the earth’s surface. It is
also the dividing line between the cyclonic and anticyclonic
gyrations at that level. The dotted arrows indicate the
directions and in some measure the relative velocities, of the
wind at this level. The arrows in the cyclonic part represent
the direction of the wind as declining outward, because the
plane here considered is supposed to be above the neutral
plane, where the radial component of motion is outward, but
for any level below the neutral plane the inclination is still
inward. The arrows are shorter above in the cyclonic part and
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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