Dec. 1 British under Gen. Townshend retreat from near Bagdad to Kut-el-Amara. _Dec. 3 United States Government demands recall of Capt. Boy-Ed and Capt. von Papen, attachés of the German embassy._ Dec. 6 Germans capture Ipek, in Montenegro. Dec. 15 Sir Douglas Haig succeeds Sir John French in command of the British army in France. Dec. 19 British forces withdraw from parts of Gallipoli peninsula. 1916 Jan. 8 Evacuation of Gallipoli completed. Jan. 13 Fall of Cetinje, capital of Montenegro. Feb. 10 Germany notifies neutral powers that armed merchant ships will be treated as warships and will be sunk without warning. _Feb. 15 Secretary Lansing states that by international law commercial vessels have right to carry arms in self-defense._ _Feb. 16 Germany sends note acknowledging her liability in the "Lusitania" affair._ Feb. 16 Russians take Erzerum, in Turkish Armenia. Feb. 16 Kamerun (Africa) conquered. Feb. 21- Battle of Verdun (pages 107-108). July _Feb. 24 President Wilson in letter to Senator Stone refuses to advise American citizens not to travel on armed merchant ships._ Mar. 8 Germany declares war on Portugal. Mar. 24 French steamer "Sussex" is torpedoed without warning (page 115). Apr. 18 Russians capture Trebizond, in Turkey. _Apr. 18 United States note declaring that she will sever diplomatic relations unless Germany abandons present methods of submarine warfare._ Apr. 24- Insurrection in Ireland. May 1 Apr. 29 Gen. Townshend surrenders at Kut-el-Amara. _May 4 Germany's conditional pledge not to sink merchant ships without warning_ (page 116). May 14- Great Austrian attack on the Italians through the Trentino. June 3 May 19 Russians join British on the Tigris. May 24 Conscription bill becomes a law in Great Britain. May 31 Naval battle off Jutland, in North Sea. June 4-30 Russian offensive in Galicia and Bukowina. June 5 Lord Kitchener drowned. July 1- Battle of the Somme (page 108). Nov. 17 July 27 Germans execute Captain Fryatt, an Englishman, for having defended his merchant ship by ramming the German submarine that was about to attack it. Aug. 9 Italians capture Gorizia. Aug. 27 Italy declares war on Germany. Aug. 27- Roumania enters war on the side of the Allies, and most of Jan. 15 the country is overrun. (Fall of Bucharest, Dec. 6.) _Oct. 7 German submarine appears off American coast_ and sinks British passenger steamer "Stephano" (Oct. 8). Nov. 19 Monastir retaken by Allies (chiefly Serbians). _Nov. 29 United States protests against Belgian deportations._