is cumbrous, and often turgid, but the moral earnestness, imagination, and force of intellect of the writer shine through it and irradiate his subjects. And yet the written is described by contemporaries to have been immeasurably surpassed by the spoken word, which carried away the hearer as in a whirlwind. And the man was even greater than his achievements. His character was one of singular simplicity, nobility, and lovableness, and produced a profound impression on all who came under his influence. The character of his intellect was notably practical, as is evidenced by the success of his parochial administration and the "Sustentation Fund," devised by him for the support of the ministry of the Free Church. He was D.D., LL.D., D.C.L. (Oxon.), and a Corresponding Member of the Institute of France. _Memoirs_ (Hanna, 4 vols.). Smaller works by Prof. Blaikie (1897), Mrs. Oliphant (1893), and many others. CHAMBERLAYNE, WILLIAM (1619-1689).--Poet, practised medicine at Shaftesbury. On the outbreak of the Civil War he joined the Royalists and fought at the second battle of Newbury. He wrote a play, _Loves Victory_ (1658), and an epic _Pharonnida_ (1659). With occasional beauties he is, in the main, heavy and stiff, and is almost forgotten. He influenced Keats. CHAMBERS, ROBERT (1802-1871).--Historical and scientific writer, was _b._ at Peebles. Early dependent on his own exertions, he started business as a bookseller in Edin. at the age of 16, devoting all his spare time to study, to such purpose that in 1824 he _pub._ _Traditions of Edinburgh_, a work in which he had the assistance of Sir W. Scott. Thereafter he poured forth a continuous stream of books and essays on historical, social, antiquarian, and scientific subjects. He joined his brother William (_q.v._) in establishing the publishing firm of W. and R. Chambers, and in starting _Chambers's Journal_, to which he was a constant contributor. Later ventures were _The Cyclopedia of English Literature_ (1842-44), of which several ed. have appeared (last 1903-6). and _Chambers's Cyclopædia_ (10 vols. 1859-68; new 1888-92). Among his own works may be mentioned _Vestiges of Creation_, _pub._ anonymously (1844), a precursor of Darwinism, _A Life of Burns_ (1851), _Popular Rhymes of Scotland_ (1847), _History of the Rebellions in Scotland_, _Domestic Annals of Scotland_ (1859-61), _Ancient Sea Margins_ (1848), _Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen_ and _The Book of Days_ (1863). He was LL.D. of St. Andrews.