Contemplative Life_, in which the superiority of the former is maintained. C. _d._ at Rouen. He was a man of high personal character, and great intellect and sagacity, but lacking in the firmness and energy necessary for the troublous times in which he lived. His _dau._ Anne married the Duke of York, afterwards James II., a connection which involved him in much trouble and humiliation. Agar Ellis's _Historical Enquiry respecting the Character of Clarendon_ (1827), _Life_ by T.H. Lister (1838), _History_ (Macray, 6 vols., 1888). CLARKE, CHARLES COWDEN (1787-1877).--Writer on Shakespeare, was a publisher in London. He lectured on Shakespeare and on European literature. Latterly he lived in France and Italy. His wife, MARY C.-C. (1809-1898), _dau._ of V. Novello, musician, compiled a complete _Concordance to Shakespeare_ (1844-45), and wrote _The Shakespeare Key_ (1879) and, with her husband, _Recollections of Writers_ (1878). CLARKE, MARCUS (1846-1881).--Novelist, _b._ in London, the _s._ of a barrister. After a somewhat wild youth he went to Australia where, after more than one failure to achieve success in business, he took to journalism on the staff of the _Melbourne Argus_, with brilliant results. He wrote two novels, _Long Odds_ and _For the Term of his Natural Life_ (1874), the latter, which is generally considered his masterpiece, dealing in a powerful and realistic manner with transportation and convict labour. He also wrote many short tales and dramatic pieces. After a turbulent and improvident life he _d._ at 35. In addition to the works above mentioned, he wrote _Lower Bohemia in Melbourne_, _The Humbug Papers_, _The Future Australian Race_. As a writer he was keen, brilliant, and bitter. CLARKE, SAMUEL (1675-1729).--Divine and metaphysician, _b._ at Norwich, was _ed._ at Camb., where he became the friend and disciple of Newton, whose System of the Universe he afterwards defended against Leibnitz. In 1704-5 he delivered the Boyle lectures, taking for his subject, _The Being and Attributes of God_, and assuming an intermediate position between orthodoxy and Deism. In 1712 he _pub._ views on the doctrine of the Trinity which involved him in trouble, from which he escaped by a somewhat unsatisfactory explanation. He was, however, one of the most powerful opponents of the freethinkers of the time. In addition to his theological writings C. _pub._ an ed. of the _Iliad_, a Latin translation of the _Optics_ of Newton, on whose death he was offered the Mastership of the Mint, an office worth £1500 a year, which, however, he declined. The talents, learning, and amiable disposition of C. gave him a high place in the esteem of his contemporaries. In the Church he held various preferments, the last being that of Rector of St. James's, Westminster. He was also Chaplain to Queen Anne. His style is cold, dry, and precise.