In 1874 he received the distinction of the Prussian Order of Merit, as the biographer of its founder, and in the same year, Mr. Disraeli offered him the choice of the Grand Cross of the Bath or a baronetcy and a pension, all of which he declined. The completion of his 80th year in 1875 was made the occasion of many tributes of respect and veneration, including a gold medal from some of his Scottish admirers. He _d._ on February 5, 1881. Burial in Westminster Abbey was offered, but he had left instructions that he should lie with his kindred. He bequeathed the property of Craigenputtock to the Univ. of Edin. C. exercised a very powerful influence upon the thought of his age, not only by his own writings and personality, but through the many men of distinction both in literature and active life whom he imbued with his doctrines; and perhaps no better proof of this exists than the fact that much that was new and original when first propounded by him has passed into the texture of the national ideas. His style is perhaps the most remarkable and individual in our literature, intensely strong, vivid, and picturesque, but utterly unconventional, and often whimsical or explosive. He had in a high degree the poetic and imaginative faculty, and also irresistible humour, pungent sarcasm, insight, tenderness, and fierce indignation. All the works of C. shed light on his personality, but _Sartor Resartus_ especially may be regarded as autobiographical. Froude's _Thomas Carlyle ... First 40 Years of his Life_ (1882), _Thomas Carlyle ... His Life in London_, by the same (1884), _Letters and Memories of Jane Welsh Carlyle_ (1883), various _Lives_ and _Reminiscences_ by Prof. Masson and Nichol, etc. SUMMARY.--_B._ 1795, _ed._ Edin., studies for Church but gives it up, tries law, then tutor, takes to literature and writes for encyclopædias and magazines, and translates, _m._ 1826 Jane Welsh, settles in Edin., writes essays in _Edinburgh Review_, goes to Craigenputtock 1828, writes _Sartor_ and corresponds with Goethe, _Sartor_ appears in _Fraser's Magazine_ 1833-4, settles in London 1834, _pub._ _French Revolution_ 1837, lectures, _pub._ _Heroes_, and _Chartism_ and _Sartor_ as a book 1839, _Past and Present_ 1843, _Oliver Cromwell_ 1845, _Latter Day Pamphlets_ 1850, writes _Frederick the Great_ 1851-65, Lord Rector of Edin. Univ. 1865, Mrs. C. _d._ 1865, writes _Reminiscences_ 1866 (_pub._ 1881), _d._ 1881. CARRUTHERS, ROBERT (1799-1878).--Journalist and miscellaneous writer, _b._ in Dumfriesshire, was for a time a teacher in Huntingdon, and wrote a _History of Huntingdon_ (1824). In 1828 he became ed. of the _Inverness Courier_, which he conducted with great ability. He ed. Pope's works with a memoir (1853), and along with Robert Chambers (_q.v._) ed. the first ed. of _Chambers's Cyclopedia of English Literature_ (1842-44). He received the degree of LL.D. from Edin.