The extent to which the earth deviates from a sphere is usually expressed by a fraction known as the =ellipticity=, which is the difference between the lines C A, C B of fig. 78 divided by the greater of them. From comparison of the three arcs just mentioned several very different values of the ellipticity were deduced, the discrepancies being partly due to different theoretical methods of interpreting the results and partly to errors in the arcs. A measurement, made by _Jöns Svanberg_ (1771-1851) in 1801-3, of an arc near that of Maupertuis has in fact shewn that his estimate of the length of a degree was about 1,000 feet too large. A large number of other arcs have been measured in different parts of the earth at various times during the 18th and 19th centuries. The details of the measurements need not be given, but to prevent recurrence to the subject it is convenient to give here the results, obtained by a comparison of these different measurements, that the ellipticity is very nearly 1∕292, and the greatest radius of the earth (C A in fig. 78) a little less than 21,000,000 feet or 4,000 miles. It follows from these figures that the length of a degree in the latitude of London contains, to use Sir John Herschel’s ingenious mnemonic, almost exactly as many thousand feet as the year contains days. 222. Reference has already been made to the supremacy of Greenwich during the 18th century in the domain of exact observation. France, however, produced during this period one great observing astronomer who actually accomplished much, and under more favourable external conditions might almost have rivalled Bradley. _Nicholas Louis de Lacaille_ was born in 1713. After he had devoted a good deal of time to theological studies with a view to an ecclesiastical career, his interests were diverted to astronomy and mathematics. He was introduced to Jacques Cassini, and appointed one of the assistants at the Paris Observatory. In 1738 and the two following years he took an active part in the measurement of the French arc, then in process of verification. While engaged in this work he was appointed (1739) to a poorly paid professorship at the Mazarin College, at which a small observatory was erected. Here it was his regular practice to spend the whole night, if fine, in observation, while “to fill up usefully the hours of leisure which bad weather gives to observers only too often” he undertook a variety of extensive calculations and wrote innumerable scientific memoirs. It is therefore not surprising that he died comparatively early (1762) and that his death was generally attributed to overwork. 223. The monotony of Lacaille’s outward life was broken by the scientific expedition to the Cape of Good Hope (1750-1754) organised by the Academy of Sciences and placed under his direction.