The only effective philosophies for such a community were those which regarded man as an _individual_, with a world politically omnipotent hedging him about, and driving him in upon himself. Thus the New Academy enlarged on the doubtfulness of all beyond the individual consciousness; Stoicism insisted on individual dutifulness, Epicureanism on individual self-satisfaction. The first sought to make life worth living through culture, the second through indifference, the third through a moderate enjoyment. But all alike felt themselves very helpless in face of the growing sadness of life, in face of the deepening mystery of the world beyond. All alike were controversial, and quick enough to ridicule their rivals; none was hopefully constructive, or (unless in the poetic enthusiasm of a Lucretius) very confident of the adequacy of its own conceptions. They all rather quickened the sense of emptiness in human existence, than satisfied it; {244} at the best they enabled men to "absent themselves a little while from the felicity of death." Thus all over the wide area of Greek and Roman civilisation, the activity of the later schools was effectual to familiarise humanity with the language of philosophy, and to convince humanity of the inadequacy of its results. Both of these things the Greeks taught to Saul of Tarsus; at a higher Source he found the satisfying of his soul; but from the Greek philosophies he learned the language through which the new Revelation was to be taught in the great world of Roman rule and Grecian culture. And thus through the Pauline theology, Greek philosophy had its part in the moral regeneration of the world; as it has had, in later times, in every emancipation and renascence of its thought. {245} INDEX Abdera, birthplace of Democritus, 74; of Protagoras, 86 Absolute knowledge, unattainable by man, 19; absorption in, 133; no separate existence, 182 Abstract ideas not derivable from experience, 45; abstract truth impossible, 87; of no value, 132; revival of, 133 Academus, grove of, 135 Achilles and tortoise, 44; death of, 139 Acroatic, kind of lectures, 175 Actuality, see _Realisation_. Agrigentum, birthplace of Empedocles, 59 Air, beginning of things, 14 Alcestis, referred to, 139 Alcibiades, dialogue, 137 Alexander, relations with Aristotle, 174; influence of conquests of, 242 Anarchy, in politics and in philosophy, 83; reaction against, by Socrates, 102 Anaxagoras, 52; relation of Empedocles to, 62; quoted by Aristotle, 200 Anaximander, 7 Anaximenes, 14 Anthropomorphism, criticised, 32 Antigonus, friend of Zeno, 229 Antisthenes, 128 Apology, dialogue, 136 Appetite, the only reality, 96 Archilochus, criticised by Heraclitus, 16 Aristippus, 124 Aristocracy, in politics and in philosophy, 82