Francesco I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 326, 327. Francis I, King of France, 257. Francis I, King of Two Sicilies, 378. Francis II, King of Two Sicilies, 402, 404. Francis, St., see St. Francis. Franciscan Order, 129, 131-133; Gray Friars, 134. Franks, 40; Kingdom of, 43; Catholicism of, 43. Frederick I, Emperor (Barbarossa), 102; character, 102; theory of imperial rights, 103; wars with Lombard cities, 108; called to Italy, 108, 109; war with Milan, 109; diet at Roncaglia, 111; defeat at Legnano, 112; his son's marriage, 113; death, 113. Frederick II, Emperor, 117; gratitude to Innocent III, 117; summons to Germany, 121; pledge to Innocent III, 121, 122; King of Germany, 122; character, 134; promises, 135; crowned emperor, 135; at Brindisi, 136; denounced by Gregory IX, 136, 137; excommunicated, 137; letter to King of England, 138, 139; recovers Jerusalem, 139; King of Jerusalem, 140; his habits, 140, 141; poetry, 141; war with Lombard cities, 142; excommunicated again, 142; defeat, 142; death, 143; times of, 180. Galileo, 346, 349. Gamba, Pietro, 373, 374. Gandia, Duke of (a Borgia), murdered, 312. Garibaldi, 382; in Rome, 392, 393; escapes, 394, 398; expedition to Two Sicilies, 402-405; attempt on Rome, 406; second attempt, Mentana, 407; death, 413. Genoa, 70; prosperity, 105; war with Pisa, 169, 170; submits temporarily to Milan, 199; loss in Black Death, 210; war with Venice, 224; still a republic, 295; palaces in, 306; becomes Republic of Liguria, 365; given to Kingdom of Sardinia, 367. Genseric, 5. Germany, 58; its duchies, 77; part of Holy Roman Empire, 78; attitude towards its king, 96; in time of Innocent III, 120, 121. Gesu, church, 305, 306. Gesuati, 321. Ghibellines, 155; trouble in Milan, 157; cause lost, 159; description of, 168, 169; described by Gregory X, 176; fictitious revival of, 325. Ghiberti, 241. Ghirlandaio, Domenico, 245, 288. Gioberti, 383, 384. Giocondo, Fra, 290. Giorgione, 312. Giotto, 189, 190. Giulio Romano, 309. Gladstone, on conditions in Naples, 395, 396. Goethe, admires Palladio, 306, 307; admires I Promessi Sposi, 377. Goldoni, 353-356. Gonzaga, the, in Mantua, 198. Goths, see Ostrogoths. Gozzoli, Benozzo, 233, 244. Gravina, 353, 359. Great Council of Venice, 171, 172. Greek, study of, 242, 243. Greek Empire, overthrown by Crusaders, 119. Gregory I (the Great), Pope, 35-37. Gregory II, Pope, 42, 53. Gregory III, Pope, 42, 53. Gregory VII, Pope (Hildebrand), 89; character, 90; aims, 91; becomes Pope, 91; creed, 91, 92; claims, 92; allies, 92-96; denunciation of simony and lay investiture, 96; attempted deposition by Henry IV, 97; excommunicates Henry IV, 99; at Canossa, 99; his death, 100.