Italy, condition of, middle of 6th century, 23, 24; under Byzantine rule, 26; on fall of Carlovingian Empire, 69; its divisions, 69; condition of people, 70; degradation, 67-78; condition under mercenary soldiers, 213, 214; condition prior to 1494, 252; during Catholic Revival, 302, 303; divisions of, at close of 16th century, 304; place for travellers, 319; as seen by Montaigne, 320-334; under Napoleon I, 365, 366; on Napoleon's fall, 366-368; unity of, 395-408; difficulties after unity, 411-413; relations with France, 412, 413; Triple Alliance, 413. Isidorian Decretals, see Decretals. Jerome, St., see St. Jerome. Jerome of Prague, 220, 221. Jerusalem, plan for reconquest of, 134; recovered by Frederick II, 139. Jesuit style, 351. Jesus, Order of, 299; suppressed, 347; restored in Papal States, 367. Joan I, Queen of Naples, 222. Joan II, Queen of Naples, 222. John of Bologna, 308, 324. John, Don, of Austria, 295. John, King of England, 122, 138. John XII, Pope, 78, 81; his trial, 82-84; deposition, 84. Jommelli, 358. Jubilee, first, 147. Julius II, Pope, 270, 275-277, 288. Justin, Emperor, 16. Justinian, Emperor, 16-18. Ladislaus, King of Naples, 222, 230. Landini, 308. Lando, Michele di, 229. Landucci, Luca, diary of, 259-262. Laocoon, the, discovery of, 291, 292. Lateran palace, 45. Legion, Garibaldi's, 393. Legnano, battle of, 112. Leo (composer), 358. Leo, Emperor, the Isaurian, 41. Leo I, Pope, the Great, 9. Leo III, Pope, 54, 56. Leo IV, Pope, 73, 74. Leo X, Pope (Medici), 250, 251, 262, 276, 277; excommunicates Luther, 278; last of papal overlords of Europe, 292. Leo XIII, Pope, 416-419. Leonardo, see Vinci, Leonardo da. Leopardi, Alessandro (sculptor), 311. Leopardi, Giacomo (poet), 378. Leopold I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 363. Lippi, Filippino, 244. Lombard cities, see Lombardy and Milan. Lombardi (architects and sculptors), 311. Lombards, the, 23; character, 27; conquests, 28; civilization, 28, 29; conversion to Catholicism, 29; political incompetence, 29; influence, 30; attempt to conquer all Italy, 43; defeated by Pippin, 45; by Charlemagne, 50. Lombardy, espouses Hildebrand's side, 95; trade, 106; represented at diet of Roncaglia, 110; peace with Barbarossa, 112; condition prior to 1789, 362; crown of, assumed by Napoleon, 365; restored to Austria, 367; condition in 1820-21, 370, 371; in 1848, 387; united to Piedmont, 401. Lorenzo the Magnificent, see under Medici. Loreto, 332. Lorraine, King of, 62. Lothair, Emperor, 58, 59. Lotto, Lorenzo, 312. Louis I, Emperor, the Pious, 58, 59. Louis II, Emperor, 58, 59, 62, 63. Louis XII, King of France, 257; unites with Spain against Naples, 263. Louis Napoleon, see Napoleon III. Loyola, Ignatius, 299.