431. Peloponnesian War began (to 404) 401. Retreat of the Ten Thousand. 359. Philip became king of Macedonia. 338. Battle of Chïronia. 336. Macedonian troops crossed into Asia. Philip murdered. 334. Battle of the Granicus. 333. Battle of Issus. 331. Battle of Arbela. 330. Darius III killed. 323. Death of Alexander the Great. 321. Rise of Chandragupta in the Punjab. The Romans completely beaten by the Samnites at the battle of the Caudine Forks. 281. Pyrrhus invaded Italy. 280. Battle of Heraclea. 279. Battle of Ausculum. 278. Gauls raided into Asia Minor and settled in Galatia. 275. Pyrrhus left Italy. 264. First Punic War. (Asoka began to reign in Behar—to 227.) 260. Battle of Mylï. 256. Battle of Ecnomus. 246. Shi-Hwang-ti became King of Ts’in. 220. Shi-Hwang-ti became Emperor of China. 214. Great Wall of China begun. 210. Death of Shi-Hwang-ti. 202. Battle of Zama. 146. Carthage destroyed. 133. Attalus bequeathed Pergamum to Rome. 102. Marius drove back Germans. 100. Triumph of Marius. (Chinese conquering the Tarim valley.) 89. All Italians became Roman citizens. 73. The revolt of the slaves under Spartacus. 71. Defeat and end of Spartacus. 66. Pompey led Roman troops to the Caspian and Euphrates. He encountered the Alani. 48. Julius Cïsar defeated Pompey at Pharsalos. 44. Julius Cïsar assassinated. 27. Augustus Cïsar princeps (until 14 A.D.). 4. True date of birth of Jesus of Nazareth. A.D. Christian Era began. 14. Augustus died. Tiberius emperor. 30. Jesus of Nazareth crucified. 41. Claudius (the first emperor of the legions) made emperor by pretorian guard after murder of Caligula. 68. Suicide of Nero. (Galba, Otho, Vitellus, emperors in succession.) 69. Vespasian. 102. Pan Chau on the Caspian Sea. 117. Hadrian succeeded Trajan. Roman Empire at its greatest extent. 138. (The Indo-Scythians at this time were destroying the last traces of Hellenic rule in India.) 161. Marcus Aurelius succeeded Antoninus Pius. 164. Great plague began, and lasted to the death of M. Aurelius (180). This also devastated all Asia. (Nearly a century of war and disorder began in the Roman Empire.) 220. End of the Han dynasty. Beginning of four hundred years of division in China. 227. Ardashir I (first Sassanid shah) put an end to Arsacid line in Persia. 242. Mani began his teaching. 247. Goths crossed Danube in a great raid. 251. Great victory of Goths. Emperor Decius killed. 260. Sapor I, the second Sassanid shah, took Antioch, captured the Emperor Valerian, and was cut up on his return from Asia Minor by Odenathus of Palmyra. 277. Mani crucified in Persia. 284. Diocletian became emperor. 303. Diocletian persecuted the Christians.