CĂLĂMISTRUM, an instrument made of iron, and hollow like a reed (_calamus_), used for curling the hair. For this purpose it was heated, the person who performed the office of heating it in wood ashes (_cinis_) being called _ciniflo_, or _cinerarius_. CĂLĂMUS, a sort of reed which the ancients used as a pen for writing. The best sorts were got from Aegypt and Cnidus. CĂLANTĬCA. [COMA.] CĂLĂTHUS (κάλαθος, also called τάλαρος), usually signified the basket in which women placed their work, and especially the materials for spinning. In the following cut a slave, belonging to the class called _quasillariae_, is presenting her mistress with the calathus. Baskets of this kind were also used for other purposes, such as for carrying fruits, flowers, &c. The name of calathi was also given to cups for holding wine. Calathus was properly a Greek word, though used by the Latin writers. The Latin word corresponding to it was _qualus_ or _quasillus_. From _quasillus_ came _quasillaria_, the name of the slave who spun, and who was considered the meanest of the female slaves. [Illustration: Slave presenting a Calathus. (From a Painting on a Vase.)] CALCĔUS, CALCĔĀMEN, CALCĔĀMENTUM (ὑποδήμα, πέδιλον), a shoe or boot, anything adapted to cover and preserve the feet in walking. The use of shoes was by no means universal among the Greeks and Romans. The Homeric heroes are represented without shoes when armed for battle. Socrates, Phocion, and Cato, frequently went barefoot. The Roman slaves had no shoes. The covering of the feet was removed before reclining at meals. People in grief, as for instance at funerals, frequently went barefooted. Shoes may be divided into those in which the mere sole of a shoe was attached to the sole of the foot by ties or bands, or by a covering for the toes or the instep [SOLEA; CREPIDA; SOCCUS]; and those which ascended higher and higher, according as they covered the ankles, the calf, or the whole of the leg. To calceamenta of the latter kind, _i.e._ to shoes and boots, as distinguished from sandals and slippers, the term _calceus_ was applied in its proper and restricted sense. There were also other varieties of the _calceus_ according to its adaptation to particular professions or modes of life. Thus the CALIGA was principally worn by soldiers; the PERO by labourers and rustics; and the COTHURNUS by tragedians, hunters, and horsemen. The _calcei_ probably did not much differ from our shoes, and are exemplified in a painting at Herculaneum, which represents a female wearing bracelets, a wreath of ivy, and a panther’s skin, while she is in the attitude of dancing and playing on the cymbals. The form and colour of the calceus indicated rank and office. Roman senators wore high shoes like buskins, fastened in front with four black thongs. They were also sometimes adorned with a small crescent: we do not find on any ancient statues the crescent, but we may regard the bottom right hand