the naucrari, who also had to conduct the census, and afterwards by the demarchi.--As property is a fluctuating thing, the census was repeated from time to time, but the periods differed in the various parts of Greece, for in some a census was held every year, and in others every two or four years. At Athens every person had to state the amount of his property, and if there was any doubt about his honesty, it seems that a counter-valuation (ἀντιτίμησις) might be made. This system of taxation according to classes, and based upon the possession of productive estates, underwent a considerable change in the time of the Peloponnesian war, though the divisions into classes themselves continued to be observed for a considerable time after. As the wants of the republic increased, and as many citizens were possessed of large property, without being landed proprietors, the original land-tax was changed into a property-tax. This property-tax was called εἰσφορά, concerning which see EISPHORA. Compare LEITURGIAE; and for the taxes paid by resident aliens, METOICI.--(2) ROMAN. [CENSOR.] CENTESĬMA, namely _pars_, or the hundredth part, also called _vectigal rerum venalium_, or _centesima rerum venalium_, was a tax of one per cent. levied at Rome and in Italy upon all goods that were exposed for public sale at auctions. It was collected by persons called _coactores_. This tax was perhaps introduced after the civil war between Marius and Sulla. Its produce was assigned by Augustus to the _aerarium militare_. Tiberius reduced the tax to one half per cent. (_ducentesima_), after he had changed Cappadocia into a province, and had thereby increased the revenue of the empire. Caligula in the beginning of his reign abolished the tax altogether for Italy. CENTUMVĬRI, were judices, who resembled other judices in this respect, that they decided cases under the authority of a magistratus; but they differed from other judices in being a definite body or collegium. This collegium seems to have been divided into four parts, each of which sometimes sat by itself. The origin of the court is unknown. According to an ancient writer, three were chosen out of each tribe, and consequently the whole number out of the 35 tribes would be 105, who, in round numbers, were called the hundred men. If the centumviri were chosen from the tribes, this seems a strong presumption in favour of the high antiquity of the court. It was the practice to set up a spear in the place where the centumviri were sitting, and accordingly the word _hasta_, or _hasta centumviralis_, is sometimes used as equivalent to the words _judicium centumvirale_. The praetor presided in this court. The jurisdiction of the centumviri was chiefly confined to civil matters, but it appears that crimina sometimes came under their cognizance. The younger Pliny, who practised in this court, makes frequent allusions to it in his letters. CENTŬRĬA. [EXERCITUS; COMITIA.] CENTŬRĬĀTA CŎMĪTĬA. [COMITIA.]