On account of various principles of the Roman law, Christians were always liable to severe penalties, and parts of the Church occasionally suffered fearfully. But it was only in exceptional cases and sporadically that the laws were enforced. There was, accordingly, no prolonged and systematic effort made to put down Christianity everywhere until the reign of Decius (249-251). The renewed interest in heathen religions and the revived patriotism in some circles occasioned in 248 by the celebration of the thousandth anniversary of the founding of Rome may have contributed to a renewal of hostilities against the Church. Decius undertook the military defence of the frontier. His colleague, Valerian, had charge of the internal affairs of the Empire and was the author of the measures against the Christians. Because the Church included many who had embraced the faith in the long period when the Church rarely felt the severity of the laws, many were unable to endure the persecution, and so apostatized or “fell.” The persecution continued only for a short time in full intensity, but it was not abandoned for a number of years. It became violent once more when Valerian became Emperor (253-260). One result of the persecutions was the rise of serious disputes, and even schisms, from differences regarding the administration of discipline by the bishops. In the case of the Novatians at Rome, a dissenting Church which spread rapidly over the Empire came into existence and lasted for more than two centuries. § 45. The Decian-Valerian Persecution The first persecution which may fairly be said to have been general in purpose and effect was that falling in the reigns of Decius (249-251) and Valerian (253-260). Of the course of the persecution we have information bearing directly upon Carthage, Alexandria, and Asia Minor. But it probably was felt very generally throughout the Church. Additional source material: Cyprian, _De Lapsis_, Epp. 14, 22, 43; Eusebius, _Hist. Ec._, VI, 39-45, VII, 11, 15, 30: for original texts see Preuschen, _Analecta_, I, §§ 16, 17; also R. Knopf, _Ausgewählte Märtyreracten_ (of these the most reliable are the martyrdom of Pionius and of Cyprian). (_a_) Origen, _Contra Celsum_, III, 15. (MSG, 11:937.) Origen, writing about 248, observes the probable approach of a period of persecution for the Church. That it is not the fear of external enemies which strengthens our union is plain from the fact that this cause, by God’s will, has already ceased for a considerable time. And it is probable that the secure existence, so far as this life is concerned, which is enjoyed by believers at present will come to an end, since those who in every way calumniate the Word [_i.e._, Christianity] are again attributing the frequency of rebellion to the multitude of believers and to their not being persecuted by the authorities, as in former times. (_b_) Lactantius, _De Mortibus Persecutorum_, 3, 4. (MSL, 7:200.)