[381] This is, of course, not a claim of _papal_ infallibility. The assertion is merely that in the domain of faith and morals the Roman church, judged by Scriptural principles, has never pursued a course either improper or unwarranted. [382] It did not occur until 1084. Henry had inherited the office at the death of his father, Henry III., in 1056. [383] The sin of simony comprised the employment of any corrupt means to obtain appointment or election to an ecclesiastical office. For the origin of the term see the incident recorded in Acts, viii. 18-24. The five councilors had been condemned by a synod at Rome in February, 1075. [384] The five condemned councillors. [385] This portion of the letter comprises a clear assertion of the "Petrine Supremacy," i.e., the theory that Peter, as the first bishop of Rome, transmitted his superiority over all other bishops to his successors in the Roman see, who in due time came to constitute the line of popes [see p. 78]. [386] This refers to a decree of a Roman synod in 1074 against simony and the marriage of the clergy. [387] In the battle on the Unstrutt, June 8, 1075. [388] Julian succeeded Constantine's son Constantius as head of the Roman Empire in 361. He was known as "the Apostate" because of his efforts to displace the Christian religion and to restore the old pagan worship. He died in battle with the Persians in 363. [389] Henry III., emperor from 1039 to 1056. [390] The castle of Canossa stood on one of the northern spurs of the Apennines, about ten miles southwest of Reggio. Some remains of it may yet be seen. [391] The German princes who were hostile to Henry had kept in close touch with the Pope. In the Council of Tribur a legate of Gregory took the most prominent part, and the members of that body had invited the Pope to come to Augsburg and aid in the settling of Henry's crown upon a successor. [392] Revoked the ban of excommunication. The anathema was a solemn curse by an ecclesiastical authority. [393] That is, the Emperor was to be allowed to invest the new bishop or abbot with the fiefs and secular powers by a touch of the scepter, but his old claim to the right of investment with the spiritual emblems of ring and crozier was denied. [394] This means that the ecclesiastical prince--the bishop or abbot--in the capacity of a landholder was to render the ordinary feudal obligations to the Emperor. [395] Burgundy and Italy. CHAPTER XVII. THE CRUSADES 51. Speech of Pope Urban II. at the Council of Clermont (1095)