=Text-books and Other Works.=--The _Elementarwerk_ clearly combines many of the principles of Comenius as well as of Rousseau. It has, in fact, been often called ‘the _Orbis Pictus_ (see p. 170) of the eighteenth century,’ and gives a knowledge of things and words in the form of a dialogue. The _Methodenbuch_, while not following Rousseau completely, contains many ideas concerning natural training that are suggestive of him. In this study of the nature of children, the book makes some advance upon the Rousselian doctrine by finding that they are especially interested in motion and noise, although Basedow would have shocked Rousseau by being so much under the control of tradition as to suggest using these interests in the teaching of Latin. Later, Basedow, together with Campe, Salzmann, and others of his followers, also produced a series of popular story books especially adapted to the character, interests, and needs of children. These works are all largely filled with didactics, moralizing, religiosity, and scraps of scientific information. The best known of them is _Robinson der Jüngere_ (Robinson Crusoe Junior), which was published by Campe in 1779. It seems to have been suggested by Rousseau’s recommendation of _Robinson Crusoe_ as a text-book, and in turn a generation later it became the model for _Der Schweizerische Robinson_ (The Swiss Family Robinson) of Wyss, which has been so popular with children in America and elsewhere. [Sidenote: Salary, equipment,] [Sidenote: teachers,] [Sidenote: and pupils.] =Course and Methods of the Philanthropinum.=--Eight years before this, however, Prince Leopold of Dessau had been induced to allow Basedow to found there a model school called the ‘Philanthropinum,’ which should embody that reformer’s ideas. Leopold granted him a generous salary, and three years later gave him an equipment of buildings, grounds, and endowment. At first Basedow had but three assistants, but later the number was considerably increased. The staff then included several very able men, such as Campe, formerly chaplain at Potsdam, and Salzmann, who had been a professor at Erfurt. The underlying principle of the Philanthropinum was ‘everything according to nature.’ The natural instincts and interests of the children were only to be directed and not altogether suppressed. They were to be trained as children and not as adults, and the methods of learning were to be adapted to their stage of mentality. That all of the customary fashion and unnaturalness might be eliminated, the boys were plainly dressed and their hair cut short. [Sidenote: Universal education, but social distinctions.] [Sidenote: Industrial training] [Sidenote: and wide objective course.]