Aquitaine, where the inhabitants were for the most part hostile to the English, and did everything in their power to assist the French, was before long all but wholly lost, and in =1375= a truce was made which put an end to hostilities for a time, leaving only Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bayonne, and Bordeaux in the hands of the English. 5. =Anti-Papal Legislation. 1351--1366.=--The antagonism between England and France necessarily led to an antagonism between England and the Papacy. Since =1305= the Popes had fixed their abode at Avignon, and though Avignon was not yet incorporated with France, it was near enough to be under the control of the king of France. During the time of this exile from Rome, known to ardent churchmen as the Babylonian captivity of the Church, the Popes were regarded in England as the tools of the French enemy. The Papal court, too, became distinguished for luxury and vice, and its vast expenditure called for supplies which England was increasingly loth to furnish. By a system of provisions, as they were called, the Pope provided--or appointed beforehand--his nominees to English benefices, and expected that his nominees would be allowed to hold the benefices to the exclusion of those of the patrons. In =1351= the Statute of Provisors[20] attempted to put an end to the system, but it was not immediately successful, and had to be re-enacted in later years. In =1353= a Statute of _Praemunire_[21] was passed, in which, though the Pope's name was not mentioned, an attempt was made to stop suits being carried before foreign courts--in other words before the Papal court at Avignon. Another claim of the Popes was to the 1,000 marks payable annually as a symbol of John's vassalage, a claim most distasteful to Englishmen as a sign of national humiliation. Since =1333=, the year in which Edward took the government into his own hands, the payment had not been made, and in =1366= Parliament utterly rejected a claim made by the Pope for its revival. [Footnote 20: Provisors are the persons provided or appointed to a benefice.] [Footnote 21: So called from the first words of the writs appointed to be issued under it, _Praemunire facias_; the first of these two words being a corruption of _Praemoneri_.] 6. =Predominance of the English Language.=--The national spirit which revealed itself in an armed struggle with the French and in a legal struggle with the Papacy showed itself in the increasing predominance of the English language. In =1362= it supplanted French in the law courts, and in the same year Parliament was opened with an English speech. French was still the language of the court, but it was becoming a foreign speech, pronounced very differently from the 'French of Paris.'