Second century, A.D. _The Hitopadesa_, or _Wholesome Instruction_. A selection from the _Panchatantra_, first edited by Carey, in 1804; by Max Müller, in 1844. 550 A.D. _Panchatantra_. Pehlevi version. Tenth century, A.D. _Panchatantra_. Arabic version. Eleventh century, A.D. _Panchatantra_. Greek version. Twelfth century, A.D. _Panchatantra_. Persian version. 1200 A.D. _Sanskrit Tales_. These tales were collected by Somadeva Bhatta, of Cashmere, and were published to amuse the Queen of Cashmere. They have been translated by Brockhaus, 1844. Somadeva's _Ocean of the Streams of Story_ has been translated by Mr. Tawney, of Calcutta, 1880. Tales of the West came from the East in two sources:-- 1262-78. (1) _Directorium Humanæ Vitæ_, of John of Capua. This was translated from the _Hebrew_, from the _Arabic_ of the eighth century, from the _Pehlevi_ of Persia of the sixth century, from the _Panchatantra_, from the _Sanskrit original_. This is the same as the famous Persian version, _The Book of Calila and Dimna_, attributed to Bidpai, of India. There was a late Persian version, in 1494, and one in Paris in 1644, which was the source of La Fontaine. Thirteenth century. (2) _The Story of the Seven Sages of Rome_, or _The Book of Sindibad_. This appeared in Europe as the Latin _History of the Seven Sages of Rome_, by Dame Jehans, a monk in the Abbey of Haute Selve. There is a Hebrew, an Arabic, and a Persian version. It is believed the Persian version came from Sanskrit but the Sanskrit original has not yet been found. Tenth century. _Reynard the Fox_. This was first found as a Latin product of the monks, in a cloister by the banks of the Mosel and Mass. _Reynard the Fox_ shares with _Æsop's Fables_ the distinction of being folk-lore raised into literature. It is a series of short stories of adventure forming a romance. These versions are known:-- 1180. German-_Reinhart_, an epic of twelve adventures by Heinrich Glichesäre. 1230. French-_Roman de Renard_, with its twenty-seven branches. 1250. Flemish-_Reinaert_, part of which was composed by Willem, near Ghent. 1148. _Ysengrimus_, a Latin poem written at Ghent. Thirteenth century. _Of the Vox and of the Wolf_, an English poem. Later date. _Rainardo_, Italian. Later date. Greek _mediaeval version_. _Reynard the Fox_[5] was first printed in England by Caxton in 1481, translated from a Dutch copy. A copy of Caxton's book is in the British Museum. Caxton's edition was adapted by "Felix Summerley"; and Felix Summerley's edition, with slight changes, was used by Joseph Jacobs in his Cranford edition.