[Footnote 6: Gout in Animals.--Of the occurrence of gout in animals not many reliable reports exist; Ebstein has collected a few. Thus, he cites a case where in an old hunting-dog uratic concretions were found in the articular ligaments and in the periosteum of the epiphyses of many joints, but especially those connecting the ribs with their cartilages. In the toes of falcons and of parrots kept in confinement deposits of urates have been observed, and in an alligator dying in captivity deposits were found in the muscles as well as the joints which consisted of free uric acid together with sodium urate. Experimentally, Ebstein was able to produce gouty lesions having all the characteristics of those occurring spontaneously in man by injecting subcutaneously small quantities of the neutral chromate of potash into the blood of cocks for a considerable period of time. By this method changes in the epithelial elements of the kidney were produced, preventing the elimination of the urates from the blood and causing their consequent accumulation in the system. He obtained in this way typical deposits of urates in the joints, tendons, muscular sheaths, heart, and other organs, while the birds emaciated and finally died. But these experiments, which are extremely valuable and interesting, still need confirmation. The experiment of tying the ureters of fowls is an old one. Galvani who was perhaps the first to perform it, employed it in his investigations on the kidney, and since then Zalesky, Pawlinoff, Von Schroeder, Colosanti, and others have made use of it in their experimented studies on the site of origin of uric acid. As a result of this operation deposits of urates occur in various organs. Ebstein, however, does not regard them as analogous to the gouty deposit in human beings, as they lack the feature of necrosis, which, as mentioned above, he considers as alone characteristic of the true gouty lesion.] SYMPTOMATOLOGY.--The development of true gouty lesions, whether of the acute or subacute form, is usually preceded by a period, more or less protracted, in which characteristic derangements of the health present themselves. These derangements may be conveniently classified as disturbances of primary digestion and as manifestations of malnutrition. The disturbances of primary digestion are repeated attacks of flatulent dyspepsia, with pyrosis, colicky pains, alternate constipation and diarrhoea, and a scanty, high-colored, and heavy urine with uratic sediments. This dyspepsia may be accompanied with a variety of reflex nervous symptoms, such as pain in the nape of the neck and occiput, insomnia, palpitation, sighing respiration, singultus, and nausea. These symptoms are commonly described as due to biliousness, and are provoked by excesses in diet, and not unfrequently by moderate indulgence in certain common articles of food, such as sweets, fruits, farinaceous foods, and the fermented preparations of alcohol.