The pulmonary artery of the healthy infant is larger than the aorta by not more than four millimeters. In the majority of cases of rachitis examined by Beneke this difference in size was very much more favorable to the pulmonary artery; it is abnormally large in rachitis. This anatomical fact is suggestive of the pathological processes so frequently found in the lungs and in the neighboring lymphatic and large abdominal glands. For, while the amount of blood introduced into the lungs through its wide artery is unusually large, particularly so in a chest which is contracted in consequence of the rachitical process in the bones, the exit from the lungs is relatively impeded. Not only, however, the narrowness of the chest is a cause of this disproportion. For even in rather normal chests the lungs of rachitical children are relatively small. The liver of almost all rachitical children is large. In but one-half {140} of the cases this enlargement is accompanied with a large heart. In pure cases of scrofula, on the contrary, Beneke found a small heart, rather narrow arteries, and usually a small liver, the size of the lungs offering but few anomalies. The spleen also is large in the majority of cases. Its size is not dependent on the large size of the liver or the small size of the lungs. For these conditions are found in the majority of cases only, not in all of them, and the large spleen is not always found with a large liver and small lungs. The variability of the anatomical conditions permits of various degrees of combination; so that varying combinations of rachitis with other constitutional disorders may correspond with the different sizes of the principal organs. After all, as there is a great deal of independence of these organs, as to size, of each other, the conclusion is justified that those differences are not the result of the disease, but that they are congenital and stand in some causal relation with it. The kidneys are large in the majority of cases, like the spleen and liver, while the lungs are small. This disproportion is apt to result in a hyperæmic condition of all the organs of the abdominal cavity, and especially of the kidneys. To what extent this undue amount of volume interferes with, or increases, renal secretion, it is difficult to say. The amount of urine secreted by rachitical children is about normal, though, as already stated, the percentage of lime in it is rather diminished, contrary to the opinions held formerly.