Hypochondriasis may be only the early stage of more serious mental disease. It may be one manifestation of an hereditary neurosis or psychoneurosis, or it may arise from deterioration of the body's vitality by organic disease, especially of the abdominal or pelvic organs or through some incurable weakness or functional disorder. In either of these cases its cause and duration will be determined by the clinical history. As an uncomplicated psychoneurosis hypochondria lasts from a few months to a number of years, with very little change in its prominent symptoms, resulting in recovery for the most part, becoming chronic in a moderate proportion of cases, and rarely proving fatal except by some accidental complication, including suicide. The PATHOLOGY AND MORBID ANATOMY of the disease are unknown. The differential DIAGNOSIS consists in the exclusion of other diseases. The PROGNOSIS is favorable in uncomplicated cases. TREATMENT consists in measures to improve the general health, especially a full diet carefully selected, hydro-therapeutics, massage, gymnastics, horseback riding, walking, rowing, abundant and agreeable exercise in the open air, and the management of the patient's surroundings so as to lighten the mind and relieve from worry, perhaps by travel, sea-voyages, etc. Argument is commonly worse than useless, but there should be a decided impression given that the generally morbid state is due to ill-health. The risk of suicide is so small that restrictions of liberty directed to its prevention do more harm than good. It goes without saying that bad habits should be reformed, narcotics should be avoided, and a healthy occupation should be encouraged, or, if possible, insisted upon. The difficulties in treatment are fully as great with the highly-educated superstitious and credulous people whom we find in the literary and professional circles as in the ignorant and weak-minded. MELANCHOLIA (Die Melancholie, Schwermuth, Tiefsinn, Trübsinn, Lypemanie, Mélaneolie, Aliénation partielle depressive, Monomanie triste, Phrenalgie, Psychalgia) is one of the functional mental diseases, in the sense that the pathological condition of the brain upon which it depends is not yet known, although it is thought to begin with disturbances in circulation and nutrition, which end, if not resulting in cure, in atrophic, degenerative, and inflammatory states, indicating, in the great majority of cases, extensive brain disease. As a rule, melancholia first appears in a slight change of character; the patient is said by his friends to be not quite like himself. After some days or months, as the case may be, the symptoms develop into settled gloom associated with mental pain—the state known as