FIG. 237.—_Vespa crabro_, worker, fixed by heat and alcohol some hours after leaving its cell. _A_ × 425; _B_ to _D_ × 850 times: _A_, muscular fibre of the motor muscles of the mandibles treated, for ten minutes, by 1 per cent potassium to bring out the reticulum; the nodes of union of the rayed filaments with the longitudinal filaments are indicated by distinct granulations (_l.d_), and these longitudinal filaments present accessory thickenings (_d.a_); T, trachea; N, junction of a nervous filament with the muscular fibres. _B_, fibre of the same muscle, not treated with potassium, stained by hæmatoxylin; _C_, transverse section of a disk at the level of a layer of rayed filaments; _Sarc_, sarcolemma. _D_, transverse section of a disk at the level of the rods; _nuc_, nucleus.—After Janet. ] 1. _Carabus auratus_ 17.4. 2. _Nebria brevicollis_ 25.3. 1. _Cetonia aurata_ 15. 2. _Trichius fasciatus_ 41.3. 1. _Melolontha vulgaris_ 14.3. 2. _Anomala frischii_ 24.3. 1. _Oryctes nasicornis_ 4.7. 2. _Geotrupes stercorarius_ 9.8. 3. _Onthophagus nuchicornis_ 14.4. 1. _Necrophorus vespillo_ 15.1. 2. _Silpha livida_ 24.4. 1. _Ocypus morio_ 17. 2. _Quedeus fulgidus_ 29.6. 1. _Donacia nymphææ_, 42.7. 2. _Crioceris merdigera_ 39.2. 1. _Bombus terrestris_ 16.1. 2. _Bombus rupestris_ 14.5. 3. _Apis mellifica_ 20.2. As regards the pushing power, the relation of the load to the size of the body in different large beetles, gave the following figures:— _Oryctes nasicornis_ 3.2. _Geotrupes stercorarius_ 28.4. _Onthophagus nuchicornis_ 92.9. The leaping force of locusts was found by Straus-Dürckheim to be in _Œdipoda grossa_ as 1.6, in _Œ. parallela_ as 3.3 of their weight. [Illustration: