On the other hand, by adaptation, or as the result of parasitism and consequent lack of active motion, the original number of segments may by disuse be diminished. Thus in adult wasps and bees, the last three or four abdominal segments may be nearly lost, though the larval number is ten. During metamorphosis the body is made over, and the number, shape, and structure of the segments greatly modified. In the female of the Stylopidæ the thorax loses all traces of segments, and is fused with the head, and the abdominal segments are faintly marked, losing their chitin. While the maxillæ have several joints, the mandibles are 1–jointed, but there are traces of two joints in Campodea, certain beetles, etc. In the antenna there is a great elasticity in respect to the number of joints, which vary from one or two to a hundred or more. It is likewise so in the thoracic legs, where the number of tarsal joints varies from one to five; also in the cercopoda, the number of joints varying from one or two to twelve or more. _d._ Mechanical origin of the limbs and of their jointed structure We have already hinted at the mode of origin of the limbs of arthropods. Like the body or trunk, the limbs are chitinous dermo-muscular tubes, with a dense solid cuticle, and internal muscles, and were it not for their division at more or less regular intervals into segments, forming distinct sets of levers, set up by the strains in these tubular supports, there would be no power of varied motion. Even certain worms, as already stated, have their tentacles and parapodia, or certain appendages of their parapodia, more or less jointed, but there are no indications of claws or of any other hard chitinous armature at the extremity, and the skin is thin and soft. In the most simple though not the most primitive arthropods, such as the Tardigrades, whose body is not segmented, there are four pairs of short unjointed legs, ending each in two claws, which have probably arisen in response to the stimulus of pushing or dragging efforts. The legs of Peripatus are unjointed, and have a thin cuticle, but end in a pair of claws, which have evidently arisen as a supporting armature, the result of the act of moving or pulling the body over the uneven surface of the ground. [Illustration: FIG. 20.—A prothoracic leg of Chironomus larva; and pupa. ] [Illustration: FIG. 21.—_A_, larva of _Ephydra californica_: _a_, _b_, _c_, pupa. ] There is good reason to suppose that such limbs arose from dynamical causes, similar to those exciting the formation of secondary adaptations such as are to be seen in the prop or supporting legs of certain dipterous larvæ, as the single pair of Chironomus (Fig. 20) and Simulium, or the series of unjointed soft tubercles of Ephydra (Fig. 21), etc., which are armed with hooks and claws, and are thus adapted for dragging the insect through or over vegetation or along the ground.