FIG. 51.—Mandible of _Eriocephala calthella_: _a_, _a′_, inner and outer articulation; _s_, cavity of the joint (acetabulum); _A_, end seen from one side of the cutting edge.—After Walter. ] [Illustration: FIG. 52.—_A_, Pupa of _Phryganea pilosa_.—After Pictet. _B_, mandibles of pupa of _Molanna angustata_.—After Sharp. ] [Illustration: FIG. 53.—Pupa of _Micropteryx purpuriella_, front view: _md_, mandibles; _mx.p_, maxillary palpus, end drawn separately; _mx.’p_, labial palpi; _lb_, labrum; _A_, another view from a cast skin. ] The three distal divisions of the maxilla are called, respectively, beginning with the innermost, the _lacinia_, _galea_, and _palpifer_, the latter being a lobe or segment bearing the _palpus_. The lacinia is more or less jaw-like and armed on the inner edge with either flexible or stiff bristles, spines, or teeth, which are very variable in shape and are of use as stiff brushes in pollen-eating beetles, etc. The galea is either single-jointed and helmet-shaped or subspatulate, as in most Orthoptera, or 2–jointed in Gryllotalpa, or lacinia-like in Myrmeleon (Fig. 55, _C_); or, in the Carabidæ (Fig. 56) and Cicindelidæ, it is 2–jointed and in form and function like a palpus. [Illustration: FIG. 54.—_A_, maxilla of _Termopsis angusticollis_. _B_, _Termes flavipes_: _c_, cardo; _sti_, stipes; _plpgr_, palpiger; _palp_, palpus; _lac_, lacinia; _g_, _gal_, galea. ] [Illustration: FIG. 55.—_A_, maxilla of _Mantispa brunnea_. _B_, _Ascalaphus longicornis_. _C_, _Myrmeleon diversum_. Lettering as in Fig. 54. ] [Illustration: FIG. 56.—Maxilla of a carabid, _Anophthalmus tellkampfii_: _l_, lacinia; _g_, 2–jointed galea; _p_, palpus; _st_, stipes; _c_, cardo. ] [Illustration: FIG. 57.—Maxilla of _Nemognatha_, ♀, from Montana. _A_, base of maxilla enlarged to show the taste-papillæ (_tp_) and cups (_tc_), on the galea (_ga_). _B_, part of end of galea to show the imperfect segments and taste-organs: _n_, nerve; a ganglionated nerve supplies each taste-papilla or cup; _l_, lacinia; _p_, palpifer; _s_, subgalea. ] [Illustration: FIG. 58.—Maxilla of Panorpa. ] [Illustration: FIG. 59.—Maxilla of _Limnephilus pudicus_: _mx_, stipes; _lac_, galea. ]