The shoe, which should be rather wider in the web and thicker than usual, should have its bearing-surface shaped to correspond to the bearing-surface of the wall; that is, if the bearing-surface of the wall is below the margin of the sole (the sole of the foot being uppermost), then the bearing-surface of the shoe should incline downward and inward (Fig. 200, _b_). The bearing-surface of the branches, however, must always remain horizontal. The shoe always requires deep concaving, especially along the inner branch of the sole. If the quarters are weak, the walls defective, or there are corns, cracks, loose walls, or other diseases of the hoof, a =bar-shoe= should be selected. (_b_) _Full Hoof_ (Dropped Sole).—A full hoof is one whose sole instead of being concave is convex,—that is, bulges beyond the bearing-surface of the wall. It either arises gradually from a flat hoof or is the result of laminitis (founder). In full hoofs the lower surface of the os pedis is of the same shape as the horny sole. _The preparation of a full hoof_ for the shoe consists merely in removing all loose horn. In case the dropping of the sole is very pronounced, the bearing-surface of the wall should be built up artificially with Defay’s hoof cement. The shoe should be light, but broad in the web, and furnished with a more or less deep concaving, which extends from the inner edge of the web to the outer edge of the shoe, and corresponds in shape to the bulging of the sole. By reason of the deficiency of the wall, the =bar-shoe= deserves the preference over an open shoe. It is frequently necessary to apply toe- and heel-calks to remove the hoof from contact with the ground. The nails should he thinner and longer than usual, and a more secure position of the shoe may be secured without injury to the hoof by drawing up two side-clips. Flat and full hoofs are =incurable=. Shoeing is of benefit only in rendering such horses serviceable. Soles that are soft and sensitive should he smeared with crude turpentine or pine-tar, though unusual sensitiveness calls for a leather sole. Horses with full hoofs should not be driven faster than a walk over hard roads. During long-continued spells of wet weather softening of these hoofs should be prevented by smearing the soles with a hoof-ointment containing resin. 2. THE UPRIGHT OR STUMPY HOOF. The upright or stumpy hoof is that form in which the quarters, with relation to the toe, are too long (too high). The wall at the toe stands very steep, in some cases perpendicular, and is strongly worn away by standing and travelling. [Illustration: FIG. 201. Upright or stumpy hoof, shod with a “tip.”] [Illustration: FIG. 202. Beaked shoe for stilt-foot.] _Causes._—1. The upright hoof is peculiar to the “standing under” position (Fig. 53, page 66) and to the so-called bear-foot (Fig. 70, page 72).