Both front and hind shoes for army horses in time of war and manœuvres should be so punched that one or two nails may be placed in the posterior half of the shoe (Figs. 111 and 112). [Illustration: FIG. 113. Form of clips: _a_, correct; _b_, indifferent; _c_, faulty.] 9. =Clips= (Fig. 113) are _half-circular, leaf-like ears_ drawn upward from the outer edge of the shoe. They should be strong and without flaw at the base, and somewhat =higher and thicker= upon hind than upon front shoes. Their height on flat shoes should equal the thickness of the shoe, while on shoes with leather soles, or with toe- and heel-calks they should be somewhat higher. According to their position we distinguish toe- and side-clips. They secure the shoe against shifting; therefore, as a rule, every shoe should have a toe-clip. A side-clip should always be drawn up on that branch of the shoe which first meets the ground in locomotion. =A Shoe with Heel-Calks.=—All shoes with heel-calks designed for healthy hoofs should be so made and applied that they will disturb the normal setting down of the foot as little as possible, that the wear of the shoe will take place uniformly, and slipping be diminished. The toe of the shoe must, therefore, be left somewhat thicker than the branches just in front of the heel-calks. Moreover, every front shoe with heel-calks must be relatively long, and be provided with considerable rolling motion at the toe; that is, the shoe should be turned up at the toe, the bending beginning near the inner edge of the web. The three- or four-cornered, somewhat conical heel-calks with rounded corners should not be higher than the thickness of the shoe. With reference to the direction of the ends of the branches, we should see to it that they do not rise excessively, but that they assume as near as possible a horizontal direction in passing back to the heels (see Fig. 115). [Illustration: FIG. 114. Shoe without calks, with perfectly level hoof- and ground-surfaces, and with roll at the toe (flat, rolling motion shoe).] [Illustration: FIG. 115. Shoe with heel-calks for a front hoof.] =A Shoe with Toe- and Heel-Calks.=—Such a shoe should be of uniform thickness from end to end, and should have a toe-calk and two heel-calks that are somewhat stronger and longer than the heel-calks of a shoe which has no toe-calk. If to a shoe of uniform thickness, on which the heel-calks are somewhat higher than those already described, a piece of steel (Fig. 116, _b_) of the height of the heel-calks is welded at the toe, we have a shoe with toe- and heel-calks. The toe-calk should never he higher than the heel-calks. There are three principal kinds of toe-calks,—namely: