=Disadvantages.=—1. Peg-calks are sometimes lost, even when properly made and most carefully introduced. This evil happens much less frequently when the calks are put in by the maker (horseshoer) than when they are stuck in by the coachman, attendant, rider, or other person. When calks are lost on the way from the shop, it is usually due to some fault in the calk-holes or in the calks, although when the feet are balled with snow the calks are easily lost, because they do not then touch the ground. 2. The removal of the calks often involves many difficulties, since they are apt to rust into place if not removed daily, and when worn down so far that they cannot be grasped with the pincers are almost impossible to remove. By hammering upon the calks and shoe many horses are rendered not only restive, but sensitive in the feet. 3. If horses are used without the calks, a wire edge forms around the hole on the bottom of the shoe, which interferes with the placing of the calk and lessens its security. The =hollow peg-calk= (Fig. 168), made by Branscheid & Philippi, of Remscheid, has considerable merit. It holds exceedingly well, and is very durable. It is furnished in three sizes,—Nos. 12, 13, and 14,—of twenty-seven, thirty-one, and thirty-four millimetres length, and twelve, thirteen, and fourteen millimetres diameter at the end of the tap. A punch is furnished which, when driven up to its head in the holes of the heated shoe, insures a proper width and shape of the hole and an accurately fitting calk. [Illustration: FIG. 168. Hollow-spring peg-calk, No. 12.] [Illustration: FIG. 169. Peg-puller.] The calks may be removed by an extractor (Fig. 169) having at one end a thread which is screwed into a corresponding thread on the inside of the hollow calk, when by a few hammer blows on the shoe the calk loosens. To prevent the calk becoming choked with dirt, a piece of cork is thrust into the hollow. It may be easily removed by means of the corkscrew at the other end of the extractor. 5. =Shoeing with Peg Toe-Calks.=—These are an invention of considerable worth, especially for heavy draft in hilly country. They render better service on hind than on front shoes. Peg toe-calks with a single tap are simpler and preferable to those with two taps. Every known contrivance to prevent the occasional loss of the peg toe-calk is impractical. The shoe for a peg toe-calk should be of good tough material and without a flaw. The toe of the shoe should be about one-twelfth to one-tenth of an inch thicker than the branches. The hole for the peg toe-calk, whatsoever its shape may be, must be smooth and uniform, with clean, true corners. Semi-circular holes should present the convex side towards the toe.