These more rapid and cheap tannages mostly depend on the use of "terra" (block or cube gambier) in combination with bark, valonia, mimosa, and myrobalanes. Liquors warmed to 110° or even 140° F. (43°-60° C.) are frequently employed, and a bright colour is finally imparted by handling in a warm sumach or myrobalanes liquor, which dissolves out much of the colour imparted by terra or extracts. The tannage is helped forward by frequent handling, by working in tumblers, or sometimes by suspension on rocking or travelling frames, after the American fashion. To this class of tannage belongs that of East India kips, which is largely carried on in the neighbourhood of Leeds. These kips are the hides of the small cattle of India, and are imported in a dried condition, and with their flesh-side protected (and loaded) with a coat of salt and whitewash or plaster. They are usually softened in putrid soaks, and unhaired with lime, and are used in England for many of the purposes for which calf-skins were formerly employed. A variety of East India kips, called "arsenic kips," are treated (instead of plastering) with a small quantity of arsenic before drying, to prevent the ravages of insects, which are often very destructive to these goods. Many kips tanned in India have also been imported of late years, and have greatly interfered with the profits of English tanners. In yards where the leather is intended to be sold uncurried, it is taken up into the drying-sheds, well oiled on the grain with cod-liver oil, and either simply hung on the poles to dry, or stretched with a "righter," a tool shaped somewhat like a spade-handle, and finally set out with it to a smooth and rounded form. As in the case of sole-leather, too much light or wind must be avoided, and it is very difficult to use artificial heat successfully in the early stages of the process. It is, however, now very common for the tanner who produces such leather also to curry it, and, as this effects a considerable economy, both in labour and material, it is likely to become universal. When leather is to be sold rough, it is necessary to tan it in such a way as to give it a white appearance, from the deposit of "bloom" already mentioned; this being regarded by curriers as an essential mark of a good tannage, although the first step in the currying process is to completely scour it out. When the tanner curries his own leather, he of course aims at putting in as little bloom as possible, thus economising both tanning material and labour. In addition, the leather goes direct from the tan-house to the currying-shops, thus saving both drying and soaking again, and, it is said, giving better weight and quality. The tanner, too, is enabled to shave his hides or skins more completely, utilising the material for glue-stuff, which, had the leather been for sale in the rough, must have been left on to obtain a profitable weight. CHAPTER XIII. CURRYING.