This is in accordance with a common American practice, in which the leather is fully dried before rolling, in order to fix the soluble colour, and prevent it striking out to the surface in the finishing. The wet leather is raised by an elevator, consisting of an endless chain provided with hooks, to which the leather is attached at the bottom, and from which it is taken at the top. Various ways are adopted to lower the leather from these tall turrets to the room where it is stored prior to damping down for rolling. In some cases, the lattice floors are made movable, and the whole contents of the room, including the sticks from which the leather is hung, are allowed to fall into the lowest room. This method is of very questionable advantage, if we take into account the labour of separating the sticks and carrying them back to their places. Another plan is to have shoots from each loft, down which the sides are slid to the rolling-room. The floors should have what light is necessary supplied through glass windows, so arranged as not to admit direct sunlight. To adapt the turret drier for English requirements, some slight modification is needed, since we do not dry our leather right off, and then damp back, but, when it is suitably dry, lay it in a pile to "sammy" for striking; then, perhaps, after striking, hang up again for a short time to temper for rolling, possibly again between rollings, and finally to dry off at a temperature of, say, 68-77° F. (20-25° C.). Perhaps on this account, the writer has seen no complete turret-driers in use in England, though a portion of one of the large sheds at Dartford belonging to Messrs. Hepburn was converted by them some years since into a very good turret, which gave excellent results both for sole leather and kip butts in stuff. This turret is represented in section in Fig. 66, and is about 56 ft. × 24 ft. in area, and 50 ft. high from the ground-line to the top of the roof, which is ventilated by a dormer, _a_, with fixed louvres at the top, while air is admitted at the bottom through ventilators with sliding flaps, _b b_. It is heated by 10 rows of 4-in. steam-pipe, _c c_, each 54 ft. long, making a total of 540 ft. run, or about 640 ft. superficial (a 4-in. pipe being about 4-5/8 in. diameter outside). I am informed by Mr. J. G. Hepburn that he considers 4-in. pipes inferior for the purpose to smaller ones, giving too much heat in one place, and without sufficiently distributing it, and were he constructing a new turret he would replace them by 1-1/2 in. wrought-iron, using about 3 of 1-1/2 in. to replace 2 of 4 in., small pipes being much more effective (as will be seen by table, p. 250) than larger ones, in proportion to their surface. He considers, however, that the best way of heating drying-sheds, though more expensive in first cost, is by means of hot water, which is much more constant in temperature than steam. Mr. Hepburn, to whom I am much indebted for the above information, informs