EARLY MEDIÆVAL ARCHITECTURE IN ITALY AND FRANCE. BOOKS RECOMMENDED: Cattaneo, _L’Architecture en Italie_. Chapuy, _Le moyen age monumental_. Corroyer, _Architecture romane_. Cummings, _A History of Architecture in Italy_. Enlart, _Manuel d’archéologie française_. Hübsch, _Monuments de l’architecture chrétienne_. Knight, _Churches of Northern Italy_. Lenoir, _Architecture monastique_. Osten, _Bauwerke in der Lombardei_. Quicherat, _Mélanges d’histoire et d’archéologie_. Reber, _History of Mediæval Architecture_. Révoil, _Architecture romane du midi de la France_. Rohault de Fleury, _Monuments de Pise_. Sharpe, _Churches of Charente_. De Verneilh, _L’Architecture byzantine en France_. Viollet-le-Duc, _Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française_ (especially in Vol. I., Architecture religieuse); _Discourses on Architecture_. +EARLY MEDIÆVAL EUROPE.+ The fall of the Western Empire in 476 A.D. marked the beginning of a new era in architecture outside of the Byzantine Empire. The so-called Dark Ages which followed this event constituted the formative period of the new Western civilization, during which the Celtic and Germanic races were being Christianized and subjected to the authority and to the educative influences of the Church. Under these conditions a new architecture was developed, founded upon the traditions of the early Christian builders, modified in different regions by Roman or Byzantine influences. For Rome recovered early her antique prestige, and Roman monuments covering the soil of Southern Europe, were a constant object lesson to the builders of that time. To this new architecture of the West, which in the tenth and eleventh centuries first began to achieve worthy and monumental results, the generic name of +Romanesque+ has been commonly given, in spite of the great diversity of its manifestations in different countries.