ACADEMIC AND SECULAR BUILDINGS: Winchester Castle Hall, 1222-35; Merton College Chapel, Oxford, 1274-1300; Library Merton College, 1354-78; Norborough Hall, 1356; Windsor Castle, upper ward, 1359-73; Winchester College, 1387-93; Wardour Castle, 1392; Westminster Hall, rebuilt, 1397-99; St. Mary’s Hall, Coventry, 1401-14; Warkworth Castle, 1440; St. John’s College, All Soul’s College, Oxford, 1437; Eton College, 1441-1522; Divinity Schools, Oxford, 1445-54; Magdalen College, Oxford, 1475-80, tower, 1500; Christ Church Hall, Oxford, 1529. CHAPTER XVIII. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN GERMANY, THE NETHERLANDS, AND SPAIN. BOOKS RECOMMENDED: As before, Corroyer, Reber. Also, Adler, _Mittelalterliche Backstein-Bauwerke des preussischen Staates_. Essenwein (_Hdbuch. d. Arch._), _Die romanische und die gothische Baukunst; der Wohnbau_. Hasak, _Die romanische und die gothische Baukunst; Kirchenbau_; _Einzelheiten des Kirchenbaues_ (both in _Hdbuch. d. Arch._). Hase and others, _Die mittelalterlichen Baudenkmäler Niedersachsens_. Kallenbach, _Chronologie der deutschen mittelalterlichen Baukunst_. Lübke, _Ecclesiastical Art in Germany during the Middle Ages_. Redtenbacher, _Leitfaden zum Studium der mittelalterlichen Baukunst_. Street, _Gothic Architecture in Spain_. Uhde, _Baudenkmäler in Spanien_. Ungewitter, _Lehrbuch der gothischen Constructionen_. Villa Amil, _Hispania Artistica y Monumental_. +EARLY GOTHIC WORKS.+ The Gothic architecture of Germany is less interesting to the general student than that of France and England, not only because its development was less systematic and more provincial, but also because it produced fewer works of high intrinsic merit. The introduction into Germany of the pointed style was tardy, and its progress slow. Romanesque architecture had created imposing types of ecclesiastical architecture, which the conservative Teutons were slow to abandon. The result was a half-century of transition and a mingling of Romanesque and Gothic forms. St. Castor, at Coblentz, built as late as 1208, is wholly Romanesque. Even when the pointed arch and vault had finally come into general use, the plan and the constructive system still remained predominantly Romanesque. The western apse and short sanctuary of the earlier plans were retained. There was no triforium, the clearstory was insignificant, and the whole aspect low and massive. The Germans avoided, at first, as did the English, the constructive audacities and difficulties of the French Gothic, but showed less of invention and grace than their English neighbors. When, however, through the influence of foreign models, especially of the great French cathedrals, and through the employment of foreign architects, the Gothic styles were at last thoroughly domesticated, a spirit of ostentation took the place of the earlier conservatism. Technical cleverness, exaggerated ingenuity of detail, and constructive _tours de force_