The =palatine bone= is very extensive. The =horizontal part= forms one-fourth or more of the hard palate. The anterior palatine foramen opens near the junction with the maxilla, about half an inch from the median palatine suture and crest. =Accessory palatine foramina= are also present. The palatine groove is usually not very distinct. The palatine canal is formed entirely in this part, and there is no articulation with the vomer. A rounded ridge occurs on the nasal side of the median suture. The interior is hollow, forming part of the palatine sinus. The =perpendicular part= is an extensive, quadrilateral, thin plate, which forms the posterior part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and in part bounds the narrow posterior nares. Its internal surface is nearly flat, and is smooth and free, except behind, where it is overlapped by the pterygoid bone. The external surface is attached to a small extent to the pterygoid process behind, and is free elsewhere. The sphenopalatine foramen is a long elliptical opening, formed by a deep notch in the upper edge of the palate bone and completed by the ethmoid and sphenoid. The edge behind this foramen articulates with the orbital wing of the sphenoid, not the frontal as in the horse. [Illustration: FIG. 93.—MEDIAN SECTION OF SKULL OF OX, WITHOUT THE MANDIBLE. The mucous membrane is retained. The septum nasi is removed. _a_, Superior meatus; _b_, middle meatus, with _b′_ and _b″_, its upper and lower divisions; _c_, inferior meatus; _d_, superior turbinal; _e_, superior turbinal fold; _f_, inferior turbinal; _g_, alar fold; _h_, inferior turbinal fold; _i_, lateral mass of ethmoid (ethmoturbinals); _i′_, large ethmoturbinal or middle turbinal; _k_, frontal sinus; _l_, sphenoidal sinus; _m_, cranial cavity; _n_, palatine sinus; _o_, nasal bone; _o′_, parietal cartilage; _p_, palate process of maxilla; _q_, palate bone (horizontal part); _1_, sphenoid bone; _2_, _3_, inner and outer plates of frontal bone; _4_, _4′_, outer and inner plates of parietal bone; _5_, _5′_, occipital bone; _5″_, condyloid and hypoglossal foramina; _6_, paramastoid or styloid process; _6′_, occipital condyle; _7_, petrous temporal bone; _7′_, internal auditory meatus; _8_, squamous temporal bone; _9_, muscular process; _10_, pterygoid bone (hamulus). (After Ellenberger, in Leisering’s Atlas.) ] The =pterygoid bone= is wider than in the horse, and forms the greater part of the lateral boundary of the posterior nares. Its outer surface is almost entirely united to the palate bone and the pterygoid process, but a small part is free in the pterygo-palatine fossa. The hamulus is distinctly hook-like, thin, and sharp.