The =third phalanges= resemble in a general way one-half of the bone of
the horse. Each has four surfaces. The dorsal or wall surface is marked
in its lower part by a shallow groove, along which there are several
foramina of considerable size; the posterior one of the series is the
largest, and conducts to a canal in the interior of the bone. Below the
groove the surface is prominent, rough, and porous. Near and on the
extensor process are several relatively large foramina. The slope of the
surface is very steep posteriorly, but in front it forms an angle of 25
to 30 degrees with the ground plane. The articular surface is narrow
from side to side, and slopes downward and backward. It is also oblique
transversely, the interdigital side being the lower. It is adapted to
the distal surface of the second phalanx, with the exception of a facet
behind for the distal sesamoid. The extensor process is very rough. The
volar or sole surface is narrow and slightly concave, and presents two
or three foramina of considerable size. It is separated from the wall
surface by a border which is sharp in front, rounded behind. There is no
semilunar crest, since the deep flexor tendon is attached to the thick
posterior border of the sole surface. The interdigital surface is smooth
and grooved below, rough and porous above. At the upper angle it is
perforated by a large foramen, which is equivalent to the volar foramen
of the horse and leads to a cavity in the middle of the bone. The
surface is separated by a rounded border from the wall surface, and by a
sharp edge from the sole surface. The wing or angle is very short and
blunt, and there is no lateral cartilage.
Four =proximal sesamoids= are present, two for each digit. They are much
smaller than in the horse. The bones of each pair articulate with the
corresponding part of the distal end of the large metacarpal bone by
their anterior surfaces, with each other and with the first phalanx by
small facets.
The two =distal sesamoids= are short and their ends are but little
narrower than the middle.
BONES OF THE PELVIC LIMB
The =ilia= are almost parallel to each other and are also less oblique
with regard to the horizontal plane than in the horse. They are
relatively small. The gluteal line is prominent and is nearly parallel
to the external border; it joins the superior ischiatic spine. A rounded
ridge separates the two parts of the ventral surface. The surface for
articulation with the sacrum is triangular. The internal angle is
truncated, does not extend as high as the vertebral spines, and is
separated from the opposite angle by a wider interval than in the horse.
The external angle is relatively large and prominent; it is not so
oblique as in the horse, and is wide in the middle, smaller at either
end. The shaft is short and compressed from side to side.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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