_a_, Cranium; _b_, upper jaw; _c_, lower jaw; _1H.-7H._, cervical vertebræ; _1R.w._, first thoracic vertebra; _13 R.w._, thirteenth thoracic vertebra (next to last); _1L._, first lumbar vertebra; _6L._, sixth lumbar vertebra (next to last usually); _K._, sacrum; _S._, coccygeal vertebra; _1R._, first rib; _14R._, last rib; _R.kn._, costal cartilages; _St._, sternum; _d_, supraspinous fossa of scapula; _d′_, infraspinous fossa; _1_, spine of scapula; _2_, neck of scapula; _e_, humerus; _3_, head of humerus; _4_, tuberosities of humerus; _5_, deltoid tuberosity; _6_, external epicondyle of humerus; _f_, radius; _g_, ulna; _7_, olecranon; _h_, carpus; _18–25_, carpal bones; _i-i⁗_, metacarpus; _k-k⁗_, proximal phalanges; _l-l⁗_, middle phalanges; _m-m⁗_, distal phalanges; _n_, _o_, sesamoids; _p_, ilium; _8_, external angle of ilium (tuber coxæ); _9_, internal angle of ilium (tuber sacrale); _10_, superior ischiatic spine; _q_, ischium; _11_, tuber ischii; _r_, pubis; _12_, acetabulum; _s_, femur; _13_, trochanter major; _14_, trochanter minor; _15_, external epicondyle; _t_, patella; _u_, tibia; _16_, crest of tibia; _17_, external condyle of tibia; _v_, fibula; _w_, tarsus; _26–31_, tarsal bones; _26′_, tuber calcis. (After Ellenberger, in Leisering’s Atlas.) ] The =cervical vertebræ= are short and wide. The bodies are elliptical in cross-section, the long diameter being transverse. The anterior articular surfaces are slightly convex from side to side and concave dorso-ventrally; the posterior ones are slightly concave. A ventral crest is not present. The arches are wide from side to side, but the laminæ are narrow, so that a considerable interval (Spatium interarcuale) separates adjacent arches dorsally. The pedicles are perforated by a foramen on either side in addition to the usual intervertebral foramina. The transverse processes divide into two branches, both of which increase in size from the third to the sixth. The upper branch projects outward and backward; it is short and is thickened at its free end. The lower branch is a quadrilateral plate directed ventrally; each overlaps the succeeding one to a small extent, and the series forms the lateral boundary of a deep and wide groove beneath the bodies. The spines increase in height from the third to the last; the anterior ones are inclined backward, the posterior ones forward. The last cervical is recognized by the great length of its spine (ca. 10 cm. in the adult), the absence of the ventral plate of the transverse process, and the flatness of the body, which bears a pair of small facets on its posterior margin for the heads of the first ribs. It has foramina transversaria, and usually two foramina in either side of the arch.