The =humerus= has an appearance in profile somewhat like an italic _f_
minus the cross-bar; this is due to the marked backward and forward
inclination of the proximal and distal ends respectively. The shaft is
decidedly compressed from side to side. The internal surface is
extensive and flattened; it is separated from the anterior surface by a
distinct border, and bears no teres tubercle. The musculo-spiral groove
is shallow. The deltoid tuberosity is small, and there is a larger
rounded eminence midway between it and the external tuberosity. The
nutrient foramen is on the posterior surface below its middle. The head
is more strongly curved and the neck better marked than in the horse or
ox. The external tuberosity is very large and extends upon the front of
the extremity. It is divided into two high prominences by a wide deep
groove. There is a third eminence below and externally for the
attachment of the supraspinatus muscle. The bicipital groove is at the
front of the inner side; it is undivided and is almost converted into a
canal. The outer groove on the distal articular surface is so shallow as
to give the appearance of two condyles of similar size. The olecranon
fossa is very deep, and the plate of bone which separates it from the
coronoid fossa is thin and sometimes perforated. The proximal end unites
with the shaft at three and a half years, the distal at one year.
The =radius= is short and narrow, but thick. The shaft increases in size
from above downward. The greater part of the posterior surface is in
apposition with the ulna; this part is marked by a vascular furrow which
runs downward from the upper interosseous space, and has the nutrient
foramen at its proximal end. The bicipital tuberosity is represented by
a rough area. The distal end is relatively large. Its carpal surface
consists of concavo-convex facets for the radial and intermediate carpal
bones. There is a wide shallow groove on the middle of the front. The
proximal end fuses with the shaft at one year, the distal at three and a
half years.
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