Another great problem is the disposal of refuse such as ashes, garbage, and in the larger cities, street sweepings. It is estimated by Whipple that in the larger cities like New York the refuse will be in round numbers a ton per capita per year. This is an enormous amount of material and the disposal of it becomes a great problem. This is not only of hygienic importance, but also one of economical significance. The collection of waste material is objectionable from the social viewpoint; also an accumulation of ashes and dust will irritate the eyes and respiratory tract, while piles of garbage and other filth are conducive to the breeding of flies and mosquitoes. Such collections result also in the development of ill-smelling odors and unsightly streets and alleys. There are different methods used to dispose of this waste material. It may be collected and burned. This method is called incineration. Or the refuse may be collected separately and disposed of. When it is to be disposed of separately there are usually city ordinances which require the householder to keep the garbage and ashes separate and they are then collected by the city in separate wagons. In most cities tall garbage cans are required and the garbage is drained and wrapped in paper, the ashes are placed in cans or containers. They are used for filling in low lands while the garbage is taken away and buried or burned. For the collection of garbage specially constructed wagons or carts are used. The garbage must be collected frequently and at regular intervals before it becomes decomposed and gives off objectionable odors. The wagons must be properly cleaned for the same reason. In the removal of ashes and other refuse, care should be taken not to create a dust and the wagons should not leak so as to litter the streets and alleys. CHAPTER VIII SCHOOL HYGIENE SCHOOL HYGIENE SCHOOL BUILDING SITE STAIRWAYS CORRIDORS BASEMENT SCHOOLROOM SIZE LIGHT WALLS FLOORS LIGHTING AMPLE WINDOW AREA SHADES HUNG FROM BOTTOM VENTILATION PURE AIR INDISPENSABLE EFFECTS OF VITIATED AIR ARTIFICIAL MEANS NECESSARY HEATING LOCAL HEATING INADEQUATE HOT WATER OR STEAM HEAT BEST SCHOOL DESKS ADJUSTABLE PROPER PLACING OF CHAIRS BLACKBOARDS SLATE, BEST MATERIAL LOCATION OF DUSTLESS CHALK CHARTS PRINTED MATTER LARGE GLASS SURFACES AVOIDED CLOAKROOM ONE FOR EACH CLASS PROVISION FOR DRYING WRAPS WATER SUPPLY AMPLE WATER FOUNTAINS TOILETS PROPER VENTILATION AUTOMATICALLY FLUSHED MATRON IN CHARGE PERSONAL FACTORS FUNCTIONS OF SCHOOL LIFE AGE OF BEGINNER PLAY PERIODS NECESSARY PECULIARITIES OF CHILD CONSIDERED POSTURE RECESS RECREATION NECESSARY PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT SCHOOL DIS-EASES PROPHYLAXIS CHAPTER VIII SCHOOL HYGIENE SCHOOL BUILDING Site