Byzantine Empire = Eastern Roman Empire, 246; Jewish persecution in, 281, 282; conflict with Persia, 282, 283. Caesar, Augustus, well disposed towards Jews, 120. Caesar, Julius, 96, 97; shows good will to Jews, 99; Jews lament death of, 99; portrait, 97. Calendar, Jewish, fixed by Mar Samuel, 234; fixed by Hillel II., 243; "second day" of Festivals, 243, 244; Seleucidan era, 28; Hasmonean era, 50; _anno mundi_, _note_, 50. Caligula demands divine worship, 147, 148. Canon, the Bible, 22, 23. Candlestick, the golden, illustration, 169. Celo-Syria (Palestine), Judea province of, 31. Charity, Talmudic sayings on, 269, 270. Chassidim (Assidean), 32. Children and Parents, Talmudic sayings on, 261, 262. Christianity, first meaning of, 132; the first Christians (Jewish) 133, 197; development of, 133, 197; Christians, pagan, 197; ceremonial of, 198, 199; State Church of Rome, 239; why accepted by pagans, 139, 140, 240, 241; divergence from Judaism, 242; concessions to paganism, 242; Nicene Creed, 242, 243; pillar saints, 249; Christianity and Islam similar in their attitude to Judaism, 241, 305, 306; its higher clergy less tolerant, 288, 289. Church, Judaism and the, 197; doctrine and Jewish Scripture, _note_, 200; persecutes Judaism and the Jews, 247-249, 288. City as dwelling place, strength and weakness of, 68. Claudius appoints Agrippa King of Judea, 150; grants religious freedom to Jews throughout the Roman Empire, 149. Cleopatra, 103, 104. Coins, Jewish, 50, 51; (see Illustrations.) Constantine, Roman Emperor, accepts Christianity, 241; persecutes Judaism, 243. Crucifixion, of Jesus, 132. Daniel, book of, 40-44; compared with Apocrypha, 53; Song of the Three Holy Children, 64. Death and Immortality, Talmudic sayings on, 272, 275. Delta, see Alexandria. Diaspora, The, 67, 132; revolt of, 202, 203; map of (back of book). Didache, _note_, 134. "Dispute of the Courtiers" (II. Esdras), 54-57. Domitian, Roman Emperor, 139. Ecclesiasticus, Book of, 60; quotations from, 60-62; _note_, 65. Edom = Rome, _note_, 110. Education, importance of, 221, 260; Talmudic sayings on, 261; schools established, 89, 260. Egypt, Greek spirit in, see Greco-Egypt; Jews in, 67-71. Eleazar, the martyr, 35. Eleazar, son of Mattathias, death of, 46. Eliezar b. Hyrcanus, loyal to traditional law, 191. Elisha b. Abuyah, 200. Emergency law under Hadrian's persecution, 214. Emperors of Rome, see Rome's Emperors. Esdras I., 54; "Dispute of the Courtiers," 54-57. Esdras II., 57. Essenes, The, 82, 129, 130, 131, 133; and Jesus, 129; and John the Baptist, 129. Esther, additions to the Book of, 60. Felix, procurator, 154. Festus, procurator, 155. Florus, procurator, 156, 157.