Jerome translates Hebrew Scriptures into Latin (Vulgate), 249. Jerusalem, taken by Pompey, 93; under Zealot leadership, 158; siege of, frontispiece, 161; prey of rival parties, 162; its physical situation, 161, 166; fall of, 168; effect of its overthrow, 171, 183-185; name changed to Aelia Capitolina, 213. Jesus of Nazareth, 127; birth, 116; as Messiah, 130; character of, 131, 132; crucified by the Romans, 132, _note_, 135; apotheosis of, 133, 144; teachings of, _note_, 134; unmentioned by Josephus, _note_, 179. Jochanan b. Zakkai, 183; exponent of "Peace Party," 183, 184; establishes an academy, 184; replaces sacrifice by prayer, 184, 185; maxims of, 187-189. John the Baptist, 118. John of Gischala, Zealot leader, 158, 162, 169. John Hyrcanus, see Hyrcanus, John. Jonathan succeeds his brother Judas Maccabeus as head of Judea, 48; High Priest and Tributary Prince, 48. Joseph, the Satrap, 30, 31. Josephus and his works, 172; governor of Galilee, 158, surrenders to Rome, 159; Rome's envoy to Jerusalem, 168; pensioner of Vespasian, 173; contrasted with Jeremiah, 174, 175; on proselytes, 139; "Antiquities of the Jews," 176; "Wars of the Jews," 176; "Contra Apion," 177; defends Jews against slander, 177, 178; shows humanity of the Jewish law, 178; silent on Jesus of Nazareth, _note_, 179; portrait, 173. Joshua b. Hananiah, R., 192; Tana, stories of, 192, 193; the counsellor, 193, 203; Patriarch, 202, 203. Joshua (Jason) 31-33. Jotapata fortress of Sepphoris, besieged and taken, 159. Judah, Rabbi, ha-Nasi, "the Saint," 217; Nasi, 218; compiles Mishna, 219, 221; maxims, 219; death, 219. Judah b. Baba, martyr, 215. Judaism, as law, 19, 20; _note_, 24; survives the Temple's destruction, 185; affirmative and negative precepts, 220. Judas Maccabeus, leads revolt against Antiochus, 36; defeats Lysias at Emmaus, 38; victory at Beth Horon, 37, 38; made High Priest, 47; subdues Idumeans and Ammonites, 45; makes treaty with Rome, 47; death on battlefield, 48. Judas of Gamala, Zealot, 124. Judea, a vassal state, 15; independent, 75; under Rome, 181; under Persian sway, 17; part of Greco-Egypt, 28; part of Greco-Syria, 31; fights for its faith, 33; fights for independence, 45; under Roman suzerainty, 95; under procurators, 119, 123, 153; war with Rome, 157, 168; a theocracy, 119. Judith, Book of, 59, 60. Julian, Roman Emperor, plans to rebuild the Temple for the Jews, 245; note on, 249. Jussuf, Arabian proselyte, 296. Justinian, laws of, discriminate against Jews, 282. Justice and Honesty, Talmudic sayings about, 266, 267. Kindness, Talmudic sayings on, 267, 268. "King, Strength of," 55; title, of, 78; _note_, 84, 85.