As to the Jews in other lands under Roman sway, we find Augustus Caesar well disposed to them. He placed the harbors of the Nile under Judean Alabarchs (same as Arabarch). His kindness to the Alexandrian Jews was in marked contrast with his severity toward the Alexandrian Greeks. In the city of Rome he allowed the Jewish settlers--Libertini--to observe their religion undisturbed, and to build synagogues. So in the deepening shadows there was a glimmer of light too. NOTES AND REFERENCES. For the relation of Baptism to the Essenes, read articles on those topics in vols. ii and v, respectively, of the _Jewish Encyclopedia_. _Tetrarch_: Literally, governor of a fourth part of a province. BOOK III. JUDEA UNDER ROME. =ROMAN EMPERORS AND= | =JEWRY.= =PROCURATORS.= | C.E. | C.E. =Augustus.= | Coponius 6 | Archelaus, tetrarch of Judea, Marcus Ambibulus 9 | deposed * Annius Rufus 12 | | =Tiberius.= | Philo, philosopher, born 16 Valerius Gratus 5 15 | Pontius Pilatus 26 | | =Caligula.= | Marcellus 36 | Death of Jesus of Nazareth 28 | =Claudius.= | Marullus 37-41 | Josephus, historian born 38 Agrippa, King 41-44 CHAPTER XIV. PILATE THE PROCURATOR. Procurators in general. The Procurators fall into two groups, with a Jewish king intervening. The table above is the first group of these administrators of Judea. Their seat of government was Caesarea, a city that had become Jerusalem's rival. The Jews had a certain freedom under this regime. "The oath of allegiance to the Roman emperor was more an oath of confederates than of subjects." The Sanhedrin was still supposed to be the governing body for home affairs with the High Priest as its president. But the arbitrary appointment and removal of High Priests by the procurator, placed these powers at the mercy of his caprice, and ultimately the Jews were robbed of these prerogatives altogether. The procurator then could always interfere with the carrying out of Jewish law. It is important that these facts should be borne in mind in the events of the next chapter. Even in religious offenses where the High Priest with the Sanhedrin could pronounce the death sentence, the confirmation of the procurator was required for the execution. So heavily were the people taxed that the tax-gatherers (called _publicans_) were looked upon with opprobrium. Doubtless many of them dishonestly abused their power.